TEST BANK
STATISTICS FOR NURSING RESEARCH
3RD EDITION BY SUSAN K. GROVE & DAISHA J. CIPHER
, TEST BANK
STATISTICS FOR NURSING RESEARCH
3RD EDITION BY SUSAN K. GROVE & DAISHA J. CIPHER
Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy
variable. Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level.
These drug categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this
study and included the categories of drugs the subjects were receiving.
However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems.
The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they
cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or
less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
2019).
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the
cardiac patients
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed
drug for this sample.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients
in this sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate
or inappropriate.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI
, measurement resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an
absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed
with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
Knapp, 2017).
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs)
income in a study: What category identifies your current income as an
RN?
a. Less than $50,000
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c. $60,000 to 69,999
d. $70,000 to 80,000
e. $80,000 or greater
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income
variable follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level.
The income categories are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to
greater than $80,000. The two open-ended AG 1-1
G 1-2 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not
exclusive, since categories (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study
participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or both
categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to
greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can
be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is
consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS
is a 26-item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac
patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7,
with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item
scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al.,
2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the
CDS scores for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to
describe CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are
interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are
, appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the
clinical importance of this result.
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression
increased with the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the
subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in
NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects
with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA
class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms,
which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to
actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not
being treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round
your answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The
sample included 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see
Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was
91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the following
formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,
(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% =
86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as
directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of
patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86%
who were not treated with an antidepressant.
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the
5MWT be useful in clinical practice?
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a
measure of the submaximal, steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac
patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a cardiac
patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status
score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or
maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
STATISTICS FOR NURSING RESEARCH
3RD EDITION BY SUSAN K. GROVE & DAISHA J. CIPHER
, TEST BANK
STATISTICS FOR NURSING RESEARCH
3RD EDITION BY SUSAN K. GROVE & DAISHA J. CIPHER
Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy
variable. Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level.
These drug categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this
study and included the categories of drugs the subjects were receiving.
However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems.
The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they
cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or
less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
2019).
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the
cardiac patients
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed
drug for this sample.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients
in this sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate
or inappropriate.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI
, measurement resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an
absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed
with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
Knapp, 2017).
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs)
income in a study: What category identifies your current income as an
RN?
a. Less than $50,000
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c. $60,000 to 69,999
d. $70,000 to 80,000
e. $80,000 or greater
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income
variable follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level.
The income categories are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to
greater than $80,000. The two open-ended AG 1-1
G 1-2 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not
exclusive, since categories (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study
participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or both
categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to
greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can
be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is
consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS
is a 26-item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac
patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7,
with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item
scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al.,
2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the
CDS scores for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to
describe CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are
interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are
, appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the
clinical importance of this result.
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression
increased with the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the
subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in
NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects
with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA
class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms,
which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to
actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not
being treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round
your answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The
sample included 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see
Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was
91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the following
formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,
(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% =
86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as
directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of
patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86%
who were not treated with an antidepressant.
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the
5MWT be useful in clinical practice?
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a
measure of the submaximal, steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac
patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a cardiac
patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status
score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or
maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
