Science / Medicine / Pathophysiology
Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
2025/2026-Walden University|Real Exam
Questions with Verified Correct Answers
Graded A+
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by A
A. Interfering with the function of
neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) A
compartment and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a
function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its C
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids
Page 1
,A patient has a history of excessive B
use of magnesium-containing
antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What
lab value does the healthcare
professional correlate to this
behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L
A healthcare professional is caring for C
four patients. Which patient should
the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism
A healthcare professional is caring for B
four patients. Which patient should
the
professional assess for
hypermagnesemia as a priority? a.
Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d.
Pancreatitis
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type D
of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive
Page 2
,People diagnosed with B
neurofibromatosis have varying
degrees of the condition because
of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness
What is the most common cause of C
Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation
B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the
What does activation of the classical
activation of protein C1 and is preceded by the formation
pathway begin with? a. Viruses
of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c.
form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex).
Mast cells
Infection with a virus can lead to the start of the
d. Macrophages
inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation
factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to
initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation
among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type
involved in
phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and
the intrinsic and the extrinsic intrinsic pathways that converge only at factor X.
pathways converge at which
factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V
Page 3
, What effect does the process of A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
histamine binding to the histamine- antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of
2 (H2) receptor leukocyte function. Binding to H2 receptors does not cause
have on inflammation? activation, acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory
a. Inhibition
process.
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many
are located on the same cells, they act different cells and are often present on the same cells and
in what fashion? may act in an antagonistic fashion. For instance,
a. Synergistically neutrophils express both types of receptors, with stimulation of H1
receptors
b. Additively
resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil chemotaxis
c. Antagonistically
and H2 stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two
d. Agonistically
receptors do not act synergistically, additively, or
agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of D. Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing
nitric oxide (NO)? relaxation of
vascular smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-
a. Increases capillary permeability, and
lived, and by suppressing mast cell function, as well as
causes pain b. Increases neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO does not
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction increase capillary permeability and cause pain, increase
and fever neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation, or cause
d. Decreases mast cell function, and smooth muscle contraction and fever.
decreases platelet aggregation
D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released
Which cytokine is produced and by virally infected cells in response to viral double-
released from virally infected host stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-αand IFN-βinduce
cells? the production of antiviral proteins, thereby conferring
a. IL-1
protection on uninfected
b. IL-10
cells. IFN-αor IFN-βis released from virally infected cells
c. TNF-α
and attaches to a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs
d. IFN-α
also enhance the efficiency of developing an acquired
Page 4
Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
2025/2026-Walden University|Real Exam
Questions with Verified Correct Answers
Graded A+
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by A
A. Interfering with the function of
neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) A
compartment and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a
function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its C
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids
Page 1
,A patient has a history of excessive B
use of magnesium-containing
antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What
lab value does the healthcare
professional correlate to this
behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L
A healthcare professional is caring for C
four patients. Which patient should
the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism
A healthcare professional is caring for B
four patients. Which patient should
the
professional assess for
hypermagnesemia as a priority? a.
Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d.
Pancreatitis
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type D
of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive
Page 2
,People diagnosed with B
neurofibromatosis have varying
degrees of the condition because
of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness
What is the most common cause of C
Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation
B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the
What does activation of the classical
activation of protein C1 and is preceded by the formation
pathway begin with? a. Viruses
of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c.
form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex).
Mast cells
Infection with a virus can lead to the start of the
d. Macrophages
inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation
factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to
initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation
among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type
involved in
phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and
the intrinsic and the extrinsic intrinsic pathways that converge only at factor X.
pathways converge at which
factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V
Page 3
, What effect does the process of A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
histamine binding to the histamine- antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of
2 (H2) receptor leukocyte function. Binding to H2 receptors does not cause
have on inflammation? activation, acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory
a. Inhibition
process.
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many
are located on the same cells, they act different cells and are often present on the same cells and
in what fashion? may act in an antagonistic fashion. For instance,
a. Synergistically neutrophils express both types of receptors, with stimulation of H1
receptors
b. Additively
resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil chemotaxis
c. Antagonistically
and H2 stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two
d. Agonistically
receptors do not act synergistically, additively, or
agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of D. Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing
nitric oxide (NO)? relaxation of
vascular smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-
a. Increases capillary permeability, and
lived, and by suppressing mast cell function, as well as
causes pain b. Increases neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO does not
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction increase capillary permeability and cause pain, increase
and fever neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation, or cause
d. Decreases mast cell function, and smooth muscle contraction and fever.
decreases platelet aggregation
D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released
Which cytokine is produced and by virally infected cells in response to viral double-
released from virally infected host stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-αand IFN-βinduce
cells? the production of antiviral proteins, thereby conferring
a. IL-1
protection on uninfected
b. IL-10
cells. IFN-αor IFN-βis released from virally infected cells
c. TNF-α
and attaches to a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs
d. IFN-α
also enhance the efficiency of developing an acquired
Page 4
