Chapter 1
● What is a microbe?
- Living organism
- requires a microscope
- single or multicellular
- prokaryotic or eukaryotic
- includes bac ,archaea, algae,fungi,protists, viruses and prions
● Who invented the microscope?
- Robert Hooke: created
● Who saw the first bacteria?
- Leeuwenhoek: first to see
● Who is Julius Petri?
- developed the Petri dish
● Koch's postulates
1. Causative microbe is always present in the infected and not in the healthy
2. microbe grown in lab
3. pure culture of microbe introduced to healthy subjects - they developed
same disease
4. same microbe isolated from newly sick
● What is spontaneous generation?
- living things come from no link things
● Endosymbiosis theory
- microbes lying in larger host
● 3 domains of life
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
Chapter 2
● Brightfield Microscopy - how does it work
- white light passes through sample, sample blocks light
- two lenses: objective, ocular
● Staining types + why do we stain?
- most cells are relatively clear difficult to see in bright field
- simple: one stain is used to give cells a color
- differential: different bacteria/structures have different color
- negative: background is dark/stained, bacteria unstained
● Fluorescence microscopy
, - object is hit with a wavelength of light, object emits a lower wavelength of
light
- excitation: specific wavelength that excites the electrons of a mol
- emission: light released when electron decreases in energy
● Shapes of bacteria
- filament out rods
- Spirochetes
- cocci in chains
- Rods
● Phase contrast
- can see microbe without staining
- can see organelles and internal structures
- cytoplasm and organelles cause light to slow down differently to slow down
differently which creates dark and light spots
● Electron microscopy
- see super small things
- beam of electrons is aimed at the specimen and image created
- TEM: electrons pass thru
- SEM: electrons bounce off the surface
Chapter 3
● Structure of the cell membrane
- selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the bacterial cell
- separates the cytoplasm from the outside
● Different membrane lipids
- Phospholipids (two fatty acids + phosphate head)
- phosphatidylethanolamine (phospholipid with enthanolaminegroup)
- phosphatidylglycerol (with glycerol group)
● Cell wall/peptidoglycan structure
- peptidoglycan (sin legmolecule that maintains cell shape - chainmail)
- NAM,NAG, peptide bridge (4 amino acids. That links NAM-NAG strands)
● Cell envelopes
➔ gram positive
- cell wall: thick peptidoglycan layer ( 20)
- Teichnoic acids: - changed mol intertwined in cell wall
- S layer: think outer layer of protein/glycoproteins help w structure and
virulence
- Capsule: slippery layer of polysaccharides
➔ Gram negative
- cell wall: thin peptigoclycan, 1-2 layers
● What is a microbe?
- Living organism
- requires a microscope
- single or multicellular
- prokaryotic or eukaryotic
- includes bac ,archaea, algae,fungi,protists, viruses and prions
● Who invented the microscope?
- Robert Hooke: created
● Who saw the first bacteria?
- Leeuwenhoek: first to see
● Who is Julius Petri?
- developed the Petri dish
● Koch's postulates
1. Causative microbe is always present in the infected and not in the healthy
2. microbe grown in lab
3. pure culture of microbe introduced to healthy subjects - they developed
same disease
4. same microbe isolated from newly sick
● What is spontaneous generation?
- living things come from no link things
● Endosymbiosis theory
- microbes lying in larger host
● 3 domains of life
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
Chapter 2
● Brightfield Microscopy - how does it work
- white light passes through sample, sample blocks light
- two lenses: objective, ocular
● Staining types + why do we stain?
- most cells are relatively clear difficult to see in bright field
- simple: one stain is used to give cells a color
- differential: different bacteria/structures have different color
- negative: background is dark/stained, bacteria unstained
● Fluorescence microscopy
, - object is hit with a wavelength of light, object emits a lower wavelength of
light
- excitation: specific wavelength that excites the electrons of a mol
- emission: light released when electron decreases in energy
● Shapes of bacteria
- filament out rods
- Spirochetes
- cocci in chains
- Rods
● Phase contrast
- can see microbe without staining
- can see organelles and internal structures
- cytoplasm and organelles cause light to slow down differently to slow down
differently which creates dark and light spots
● Electron microscopy
- see super small things
- beam of electrons is aimed at the specimen and image created
- TEM: electrons pass thru
- SEM: electrons bounce off the surface
Chapter 3
● Structure of the cell membrane
- selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the bacterial cell
- separates the cytoplasm from the outside
● Different membrane lipids
- Phospholipids (two fatty acids + phosphate head)
- phosphatidylethanolamine (phospholipid with enthanolaminegroup)
- phosphatidylglycerol (with glycerol group)
● Cell wall/peptidoglycan structure
- peptidoglycan (sin legmolecule that maintains cell shape - chainmail)
- NAM,NAG, peptide bridge (4 amino acids. That links NAM-NAG strands)
● Cell envelopes
➔ gram positive
- cell wall: thick peptidoglycan layer ( 20)
- Teichnoic acids: - changed mol intertwined in cell wall
- S layer: think outer layer of protein/glycoproteins help w structure and
virulence
- Capsule: slippery layer of polysaccharides
➔ Gram negative
- cell wall: thin peptigoclycan, 1-2 layers
