N300 Exam 4
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1. What is Ventilation?:
2. What is Respiration?:
3. How does the Acid/Base Balance effect the respiratory system?:
4. If a patient can not breathe, what will their speech be like?:
5. How is the sense of smell related to the respiratory system?:
6. How does Fluid Balance effect the respiratory system?:
7. What is acute respiratory failure?: the inability of the respiratory system to provide oxygenation and
remove carbon dioxide; one or both of the gas-exchange functions of the lungs are compromised
8. The compromise of the respiratory system can lead to:: hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia
(hypercarbia) increased PaO2
9. What is hypoxemia?: low oxygen levels; PaO2 less than 60 mmHg, increased inspired oxygen with norma
or low PaCO2
10. What is Hypercapnia (hypercarbia)?: increased carbon dioxide; PaCO2 greater than 50 mmHg,
pH less than 7.35; hypoxemia may not be present
11. What ABG problem can occur during hypercapnic state?: respiratory acidotic state
12. What is ventilation-perfusion mismatch?:
13. What are the early clinical manifestations of acute respiratory failure?: dyspnea,
restlessness, anxiety, fatigue, B/P increased from baseline, tachycardia
14. What are risk factors for hypoxemic respiratory failure?: disease processes that produce
V/Q mismatch or impair oxygen perfusion at alveolar level: pulmonary edema, pneumonia, pulmonary embolus
15. What are clinical manifestations of hypoxemia?: increases in heart rate, respiratory rate,
and blood pressure in effort to increase oxygenation and perfusion
16. As hypoxemia progresses, there is less cerebral perfusion which may mani-
fest in:: restlessness, confusion, and/or anxiety; may progress to cyanosis and or coma
17. A patient in respiratory failure may also present with:: manifestations of underlying
diseases effected by impaired perfusion / lack of oxygenation
18. What are some early clinical manifestations of hypercarbia?: headache, confusion,
neuromuscular irritability, decreased level of consciousness - when progressed: reduced dyspnea, slowing respirations,
respiratory acidosis
19. A patient with hypercarbia may be:: tachypneic, tachycardic, appear dizzy, flushed with pink
coloring of skin
, N300 Exam 4
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20. What are intermediate clinical manifestations of acute respiratory failure?: -
confusion, lethargy related to increased CO2), pink skin coloration related to increased CO2
21. What are late clinical manifestations of acute respiratory failure?: cyanosis, coma
22. What are risk factors of acute respiratory failure with impaired ventilation
(hypoventilation)?: airway obstruction, respiratory muscle weakness/paralysis with neuromuscular disease,
chest wall injury, anesthesia, opioid administration
23. What are some examples of airway obstruction that can lead to acute respi-
ratory failure?: choking /foreign body, growth/tumor, inflammation or reaction (anaphylaxis), embolus
24. What are risk factors of acute respiratory failure with ventilation-perfusion
mismatch?: COPD, restrictive lung disease, atelectasis, PE, pneumothorax, ARDS
25. What are some restrictive lung diseases?: sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis
26. What are risk factors for acute respiratory failure with impaired diffusion
(alveolar)?: pulmonary edema, ARDS
27. What are the radiologic studies done to confirm acute respiratory failure?: -
chest x-rays, CT scan, V/Q scan
28. What blood work is done to confirm acute respiratory failure?: chemistry, CBC,
venous gases, D-dimer, arterial ABGs, sputum cultures
29. How does low hemoglobin effect the respiratory system?: oxygen is transported
through hemoglobin, if low can cause hypoxia
30. True or False: A sputum culture is NOT a quick fix for respiratory failure: True
31. What is the medical management for acute respiratory failure?: supplemental
oxygen, positive pressure ventilation, invasive ventilation, nutrition and hydration, medication, pulse oximetry
32. How much oxygen is in room?: 21%
33. How much oxygen is delivered through a nasal cannula?: 100% oxygen
34. What is the maximum amount of oxygen delivered through a nasal cannu-
la?: 6 L; too much can cause too much pressure in the nasal passage
35. What type of oxygen mask would need to be used for more than 6 L?: venturi
mask
36. How many L of O2 can be given by a nurse without an immediate order?: 2 L
37. What is the medication management for patients in acute respiratory fail-
ure?: bronchodilators, steroids, diuretics, sedation, antibiotics
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1. What is Ventilation?:
2. What is Respiration?:
3. How does the Acid/Base Balance effect the respiratory system?:
4. If a patient can not breathe, what will their speech be like?:
5. How is the sense of smell related to the respiratory system?:
6. How does Fluid Balance effect the respiratory system?:
7. What is acute respiratory failure?: the inability of the respiratory system to provide oxygenation and
remove carbon dioxide; one or both of the gas-exchange functions of the lungs are compromised
8. The compromise of the respiratory system can lead to:: hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia
(hypercarbia) increased PaO2
9. What is hypoxemia?: low oxygen levels; PaO2 less than 60 mmHg, increased inspired oxygen with norma
or low PaCO2
10. What is Hypercapnia (hypercarbia)?: increased carbon dioxide; PaCO2 greater than 50 mmHg,
pH less than 7.35; hypoxemia may not be present
11. What ABG problem can occur during hypercapnic state?: respiratory acidotic state
12. What is ventilation-perfusion mismatch?:
13. What are the early clinical manifestations of acute respiratory failure?: dyspnea,
restlessness, anxiety, fatigue, B/P increased from baseline, tachycardia
14. What are risk factors for hypoxemic respiratory failure?: disease processes that produce
V/Q mismatch or impair oxygen perfusion at alveolar level: pulmonary edema, pneumonia, pulmonary embolus
15. What are clinical manifestations of hypoxemia?: increases in heart rate, respiratory rate,
and blood pressure in effort to increase oxygenation and perfusion
16. As hypoxemia progresses, there is less cerebral perfusion which may mani-
fest in:: restlessness, confusion, and/or anxiety; may progress to cyanosis and or coma
17. A patient in respiratory failure may also present with:: manifestations of underlying
diseases effected by impaired perfusion / lack of oxygenation
18. What are some early clinical manifestations of hypercarbia?: headache, confusion,
neuromuscular irritability, decreased level of consciousness - when progressed: reduced dyspnea, slowing respirations,
respiratory acidosis
19. A patient with hypercarbia may be:: tachypneic, tachycardic, appear dizzy, flushed with pink
coloring of skin
, N300 Exam 4
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20. What are intermediate clinical manifestations of acute respiratory failure?: -
confusion, lethargy related to increased CO2), pink skin coloration related to increased CO2
21. What are late clinical manifestations of acute respiratory failure?: cyanosis, coma
22. What are risk factors of acute respiratory failure with impaired ventilation
(hypoventilation)?: airway obstruction, respiratory muscle weakness/paralysis with neuromuscular disease,
chest wall injury, anesthesia, opioid administration
23. What are some examples of airway obstruction that can lead to acute respi-
ratory failure?: choking /foreign body, growth/tumor, inflammation or reaction (anaphylaxis), embolus
24. What are risk factors of acute respiratory failure with ventilation-perfusion
mismatch?: COPD, restrictive lung disease, atelectasis, PE, pneumothorax, ARDS
25. What are some restrictive lung diseases?: sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis
26. What are risk factors for acute respiratory failure with impaired diffusion
(alveolar)?: pulmonary edema, ARDS
27. What are the radiologic studies done to confirm acute respiratory failure?: -
chest x-rays, CT scan, V/Q scan
28. What blood work is done to confirm acute respiratory failure?: chemistry, CBC,
venous gases, D-dimer, arterial ABGs, sputum cultures
29. How does low hemoglobin effect the respiratory system?: oxygen is transported
through hemoglobin, if low can cause hypoxia
30. True or False: A sputum culture is NOT a quick fix for respiratory failure: True
31. What is the medical management for acute respiratory failure?: supplemental
oxygen, positive pressure ventilation, invasive ventilation, nutrition and hydration, medication, pulse oximetry
32. How much oxygen is in room?: 21%
33. How much oxygen is delivered through a nasal cannula?: 100% oxygen
34. What is the maximum amount of oxygen delivered through a nasal cannu-
la?: 6 L; too much can cause too much pressure in the nasal passage
35. What type of oxygen mask would need to be used for more than 6 L?: venturi
mask
36. How many L of O2 can be given by a nurse without an immediate order?: 2 L
37. What is the medication management for patients in acute respiratory fail-
ure?: bronchodilators, steroids, diuretics, sedation, antibiotics
