PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MID-TERM EXAM – QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MID-TERM
EXAM – QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025-2026
TheAhumanAbodyArequiresAcholesterol.AItAisAusedAtoAconstruct:

a.AmuscleAfibers

b.Aproteins

c.ADNA

d.AtheAcellAmembraneA-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ad.AtheAcellAmembrane



CholesterolAisAusedAbyAtheAcellAtoAconstructAtheAphospholipidAbilayerAofAtheAcellAmembrane.AE
veryAcellAinAtheAbody.

MitochondriaAcontainAtheAenzymesAnecessaryAfor:

a.Agluconeogenesis

b.Aphagocytosis

c.Aphotosynthesis

d.AATPAproductionA-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ad.AATPAproduction



MitochondriaAareAtheApowerhousesAofAtheAcell.ATheirAmainAfunctionAisAtoAproduceAATP.

TheAmovementAofAionsAthroughAtheAsodium-potassiumApumpAisAanAexampleAofA________.

a.Aosmosis

b.AactiveAtransport

c.AsimpleAdiffusion

d.ApassiveAtransportA-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ab.AactiveAtransport



TheAsodium-
potassiumApumpAisAanAexampleAofAanAactiveAtransportApump.AActiveAtransportArequiresAanAen
ergyAinput;AinAthisAcase,AATP.

InAtheArestingAmembraneApotential,ApotassiumAisApredominantlyAanA________-
cellularAionAandAsodiumAisApredominantlyAanA________-cellularAion.

,a.Aextra-;Aintra-

b.Aintra-;Aintra-

c.Aintra-;Aextra-

d.Aextra-;Aextra-A-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ac.Aintra-;Aextra-



SodiumAinApredominantlyAanAextracellularAion,AwithAaAnormalAserumAconcentrationAofA135-
145AmEq/LAandAintracellularAconcentrationAofA3.5-
5AmEq/L.APotassiumAisAlargelyAanAintracellularAion,AatAconcentrationsAofA135-
145AmEq/LAintracellularlyAandAextracellularAconcentrationAofA3.5-5AmEq/L.

DuringAtheAactionApotentialAofAaAmuscleAorAnerveAcells,AsodiumArushingAintoAtheAcellAcausesAan
A________Aresponse.A-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:AallAorAnone




AnAall-or-
noneAresponseAoccursAafterAsodiumAinflux,AwhichAresultsAinAtheAsubsequentAphasesAofAtheAacti
onApotential.AOnceAsodiumAinfluxesAintoAtheAcell,AconductionAcannotAbeAstopped.

Hypertension,AorAhighAbloodApressure,ArequiresAtheAheartAtoAbecomeAstronger.ATheAcell'sAada
ptionAstrategyAinAresponseAtoAhypertensionAisA________.

a.Aatrophy

b.Ahypertrophy

c.Ametaplasia

d.AdysplasiaA-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ab.Ahypertrophy



HypertrophyAisAtheAequivalentAofAbodyAbuildersAgettingAhugeAfromAliftingAweights.

GangreneAisAanAexampleAof:

a.Ahyperplasia

b.Aapoptosis

c.Anecrosis

d.AcellularAagingA-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ac.Anecrosis

AnAindividualAwhoAcarriesAaAcopyAofAtheAgeneAisAaAcarrier.AAAsynonymAforAcarrier,AinAthisAcase,Ai
sA________.

, a.Arecessive

b.Adominant

c.Aheterozygous

d.AhomozygousA-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ac.Aheterozygous

Huntington'sAdiseaseAisAanAautosomalAdominantAgeneticAdisorder.AOneAstrangeAandAcruelAfeat
ureAofAHuntington'sAdiseaseAisAthatApatientsAusuallyAhaveAhadAchildrenAbyAtheAtimeAsymptomsA
emerge.AWhatAisAtheAlikelihoodAthatAchildrenAofAparents—
eachAhomozygousA(i.e.AHHAandAHH)—willAinheritAtheAdisease?

a.A25%

b.A75%

c.A50%

d.A100%A-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ad.A100%



SinceAHuntington'sAdiseaseAfollowsAanAautosomalAdominantAinheritanceApattern,AanyAdomina
ntAalleleA(i.e.A"bigAH")AthatAisApassedAonAwillAresultAinAtheAdisease.AInAtheAcaseAofAtwoAhomozyg
ousAparents,A100%AofAtheAoffspringAwillAhaveAtheAdisease.

WhatAisAepigenetics?A-
AcorrectAanswersAEpigeneticsAisAtheAstudyAofAchangesAinAorganismsAcausedAbyAmodificationAofA


geneAexpressionAratherAthanAalterationAofAtheAgeneticAcodeAitself.

Antigen-presentingAcellsAfunctionAto:

a.AinitiateAtheAcomplementAcascadeAbyAwayAofAtheAalternateApathwayA

b.AstimulateAcytokineAproductionAbyAmacrophages

c.AphagocytoseAandAdegradeAforeignAantigens

d.AdisplayAforeignAantigenAonAtheirAcellAsurfacesAboundAtoAMHCA-
AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Ad.AdisplayAforeignAantigenAonAtheirAcellAsurfacesAboundAtoAM


HC

WhichAclinicalAfindingAisAmostAindicativeAofAanAacuteAbacterialAinfection?

a.AincreasedA(band)AneutrophilsA

b.AelevatedAerythrocyteAsedimentationArate

c.AelevatedAWBCAcount

d.AelevatedAtemperatureA-AcorrectAanswersAcorrectAanswer:Aa.AincreasedA(band)Aneutrophils