Pathogenic Microbiology Aretakis Lecture 1 exam with ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
precise detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//||
microorganism - correct answer✔✔A small living plant or animal seen only with a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
microscope; a microbe ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Describe the conditions under which the first microbes lived. - correct answer✔✔Moist and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
warm
Describe the diversity of microorganisms. - correct answer✔✔A microorganism ranges from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
being a prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cells that are unicellular and do not have a membrane bound nucleus or other membrane
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organelles. - correct answer✔✔Prokaryotic cell ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples are bacteria and archaea - correct answer✔✔Prokaryotic cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
have membrane bound organelles and nucleus. - correct answer✔✔Eukaryotic cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples are algae, Protozoa, fungi and heminths. - correct answer✔✔Eukaryotic cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Antony van Leeuwenhoek - correct answer✔✔first person to observe and describe
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
microorganisms accurately, father of microbiology ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Francesco Redi - correct answer✔✔(Italy 1668) Tested the hypothesis of spontaneous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
generation with flies on meat, and disproved it ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Louis Pasteur - correct answer✔✔Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
John Tyndall - correct answer✔✔showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
resistance and are difficult to destroy ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Robert Koch - correct answer✔✔Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Christian Gram - correct answer✔✔Accidentally discovered dye reactions in 1884 while
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
studying etiology of diseases in Berlin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Joseph Lister - correct answer✔✔Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Frederick Griffith - correct answer✔✔Discovered transformation in pneumonia-causing
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bacteria.
Alexander Fleming - correct answer✔✔discovered penicillin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
James Watson and Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔1953. Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of DNA.
||\\//||
Describe briefly the theory of spontaneous generation - correct answer✔✔thought on the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms. Typically, the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
idea was that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
that maggots could arise from dead flesh.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The three domains are - correct answer✔✔Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Viruses are - correct answer✔✔Very tiny organisms that multiply in living cells. Acellular. Not
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
composed of cells.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
No nuclear membrane, no membrane bound organelles, single stranded DNA chromosome
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tightly coiled in cytoplasm, reproduce by binary, asexual fission, protective peptidoglycan
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
layer within cell wall - correct answer✔✔Bacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
No nuclear membrane, no common membrane bound organelles, single stranded DNA coiled
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
in cytoplasm, reproduce by binary, asexual fission, branched hydrocarbon lipid later protects,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
evolved later due to environmental stress, can stand extreme temperatures, no
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
peptidoglycan in cell walls - correct answer✔✔Archaea ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Structurally appear identical - correct answer✔✔Bacteria and archaea ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Nuclear membrane bound nucleus, organelles made of membrane, include fungi, algae,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
protozoa. Both multicelled and single celled organisms - correct answer✔✔Eukarya ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
algae and protozoa are - correct answer✔✔Protists
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Single celled and multicelled organisms. All contain chlorophyll pigment and others. Found
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
near surface of fresh and salt water. Rigid cell walls of mostly cellulose. Some have flagella
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
for movement - correct answer✔✔Algae
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
example of algae - correct answer✔✔Chylamydomonas ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fungi - correct answer✔✔Single celled yeasts and multicelled molds and mushrooms. Live
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
primarily on land. Have cell walls ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
precise detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//||
microorganism - correct answer✔✔A small living plant or animal seen only with a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
microscope; a microbe ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Describe the conditions under which the first microbes lived. - correct answer✔✔Moist and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
warm
Describe the diversity of microorganisms. - correct answer✔✔A microorganism ranges from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
being a prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cells that are unicellular and do not have a membrane bound nucleus or other membrane
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organelles. - correct answer✔✔Prokaryotic cell ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples are bacteria and archaea - correct answer✔✔Prokaryotic cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
have membrane bound organelles and nucleus. - correct answer✔✔Eukaryotic cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples are algae, Protozoa, fungi and heminths. - correct answer✔✔Eukaryotic cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Antony van Leeuwenhoek - correct answer✔✔first person to observe and describe
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
microorganisms accurately, father of microbiology ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Francesco Redi - correct answer✔✔(Italy 1668) Tested the hypothesis of spontaneous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
generation with flies on meat, and disproved it ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Louis Pasteur - correct answer✔✔Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
John Tyndall - correct answer✔✔showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
resistance and are difficult to destroy ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Robert Koch - correct answer✔✔Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Christian Gram - correct answer✔✔Accidentally discovered dye reactions in 1884 while
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
studying etiology of diseases in Berlin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Joseph Lister - correct answer✔✔Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Frederick Griffith - correct answer✔✔Discovered transformation in pneumonia-causing
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bacteria.
Alexander Fleming - correct answer✔✔discovered penicillin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
James Watson and Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔1953. Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of DNA.
||\\//||
Describe briefly the theory of spontaneous generation - correct answer✔✔thought on the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms. Typically, the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
idea was that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
that maggots could arise from dead flesh.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
The three domains are - correct answer✔✔Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Viruses are - correct answer✔✔Very tiny organisms that multiply in living cells. Acellular. Not
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
composed of cells.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
No nuclear membrane, no membrane bound organelles, single stranded DNA chromosome
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tightly coiled in cytoplasm, reproduce by binary, asexual fission, protective peptidoglycan
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
layer within cell wall - correct answer✔✔Bacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
No nuclear membrane, no common membrane bound organelles, single stranded DNA coiled
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
in cytoplasm, reproduce by binary, asexual fission, branched hydrocarbon lipid later protects,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
evolved later due to environmental stress, can stand extreme temperatures, no
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
peptidoglycan in cell walls - correct answer✔✔Archaea ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Structurally appear identical - correct answer✔✔Bacteria and archaea ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Nuclear membrane bound nucleus, organelles made of membrane, include fungi, algae,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
protozoa. Both multicelled and single celled organisms - correct answer✔✔Eukarya ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
algae and protozoa are - correct answer✔✔Protists
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Single celled and multicelled organisms. All contain chlorophyll pigment and others. Found
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
near surface of fresh and salt water. Rigid cell walls of mostly cellulose. Some have flagella
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
for movement - correct answer✔✔Algae
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
example of algae - correct answer✔✔Chylamydomonas ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fungi - correct answer✔✔Single celled yeasts and multicelled molds and mushrooms. Live
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
primarily on land. Have cell walls ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
