Aphon chemo Practice exam questions with correct detailed answers | already graded a+recent version

Aphon chemo Practice exam questions with correct detailed answers | already graded a+recent version 1) Apoptosis - answer natural cell death 2) Necrosis - answer cell death that results from an insult, such as a lack of blood supply, physical trauma, or cytotoxic therapy that leads to rupture of the cell membrane and spilling of cell contents 3) Malignant cells - answer cells that do not have a finite number of cell divisions as normal cells do; lost the ability to undergo apoptosis; can keep replicating and dividing indefinitely 4) Aberrant cell division - answer the primary characteristic of malignant cells 5) Tumor suppression genes - answer these keep normal cellular growth in check by regulating cell division, dna repair, and apoptosis; if damaged or absent, cells lack the appropriate growth-inhibiting signals and grow out of control 6) Nadir - answer the period of time after a course of chemotherapy in which the patients blood counts are lowest 7) Physical barrier - answer the first layer of defense that provides protective immunity through anatomic barriers; ex. Skin, mucous membranes 8) Innate passive immunity - answer the second layer of defense that provides rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens 9) Adaptive acquired immunity - answer the third layer of defense 10) Tumor marker - answer a characteristic feature or byproduct of a tumor cell that serves as a useful indication of tumor cell origin or tumor activity 11) Risk stratification - answer allows for tailoring therapy after consideration of factors beyond those traditional staging systems; this approach allows for early intensification of treatment 12) Pharmacokinetics - answer the movement of a drug in the body and studies how the body affects the administered drug 13) Pharmacogenetics - answer the study of how a person's genetic makeup affects that person's response to drug therapy 14) Surgery - answer often used as a method for treating cancer with the primary goal being to reduce the tumor burden so that any remaining cancer cells can be more effectively destroyed by host immunologic factors, chemo, or immunotherapy 15) Resection - answer surgical treatment of a tumor by removing it 16) Complete resection - answer surgical treatment that involves the removal of all visible and microscopic evidence of the tumor 17) Partial resection - answer surgical debulking that involves resecting a portion of the tumor because the entire mass cannot be completely or safely removed 18) Chemotherapy - answer drug therapy aimed at reducing visible tumor volume by cytotoxic effects and preventing tumor cell division and spread; agents are designed to kill malignant cells during different phases of the cell cycle 19) Radiation therapy - answer the goal of treatment is to target the tumor for destruction while sparing the surrounding tissues 20) Autologous transplant - answer the patient is both the donor and the recipient, often given as a "rescue" after high-dose chemo when immunosuppression or myelosuppression would be a dose-limiting factor; no risk of gvhd 21) Allogenic transplant - answer donor and recipient are related or closely matched; donor is healthy 22) Syngeneic tranplant - answer transplant source is from an identical twin 23) Immunotherapy - answer biologic therapy that activates, modulates, or restores the patient's immune system in order to control the cancer 24) Molecular targeted therapy - answer biologic therapy that act directly on a cancer cell to exert effect on a specific pathway or function that the cancer cell depends on for growth, division, or spread 25) Grade x - answer grade of the tumor cannot be assessed 26) Grade 1 - answer well-differentiated; looks identical to the organ or structure of origin 27) Grade 2 - answer moderately differentiated 28) Grade 3 - answer poorly differentiated; bears little resemblance to the organ or structure of origin 29) Grade 4 - answer undifferentiated; no resemblance between the organ or structure of origin and the tumor 30) Minimal residual disease - answer for patients with acute leukemia, the most significant measure of response to therapy 31) Respect for persons - answer participants should be treated as autonomous 32) Benefience - answer researchers have an obligation to do no harm 33) Justice - answer the burdens and benefits of research should be equally distributed 34) The common rule - answer takes ethical principles and puts them into law 35) Equality of participants - answer which of these is not an ethical principle of the belmont report 36) Blood cell development - answer first begins with the hematopoietic stem cell 37) Phase 1 clinical trial - answer determines the maximum tolerated dose (mtd) and identifies the dose limiting toxicities; intent is not curative 38) Phase 2 clinical trial - answer attempts to find if a specific agent or combination is effective against a specific disease; intent is not curative 39) Phase 3 clinical trial - answer attempts to determine if the new treatment is more effective than the current standard treatment (may include randomization); requires a large number of patients in a controlled study; examines toxicity, survival, and quality of life 40) Phase 4 clinical trial - answer performed after the medication is commercially available; looks at the general population; goal is curative; very rarely used in pediatric oncology; can examine drug to drug interactions, long term effects, and cost effectiveness