Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5350 Exam 2 Units 5-8 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
questions with accurate detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Terms in this set (236) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Original
What are the four clinical stages of the process of infection and describe each?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Incubation phase: period from initial exposure to the onset of of the first symptoms; can last ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
hours to years.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prodromal phase: Starts with initial symptoms is often very mild with feelings of discomfort ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and tiredness.
||\\//||
Invasion phase: invasion is farther and affects other body tissues, symptoms of illness are at
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
their worst. ||\\//||
Convalescence phase: (RECOVERY) recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the disease is ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fatal, or has period of latency.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What activates almost every aspect of inflammation?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ||\\//||
Clinical manifestations of infection? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fatigue
malaise
weakness
concentration loss ||\\//||
aching
loss of appetite
||\\//|| ||\\//||
FEVER: HALLMARK SIGN ||\\//|| ||\\//||
leukocytosis
What is virulence? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease; How potent.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Infectious Disease Classification: Endemic? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a particular population.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Infectious Disease Classification: Epidemic? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Number of new infections in a particular population that greatly exceeds the number
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
usually observed. ||\\//||
Infectious Disease Classification: Pandemic? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
An epidemic that spreads over a large area such as a continent or worldwide.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Bacterial Infection: Gram + vs Gram - ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram-Positive: Above diaphragm. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram-Negative: Below diaphragm. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are Exotoxins? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Enzymes released during growth causing specific responses. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are Endotoxins? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released during lysis of bacteria.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Antibiotics work by prohibiting protein synthesis. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What bacteria is the major cause of hospital acquired (noscomial) infections and antibiotic
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
resistance?
Staphylococcus aureus. ||\\//||
What are fungal infections?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Systemic infection is usually from immunosuppression. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fungal infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar cell compositions to
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
human cells. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the most common fungal infection?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Candida albicans ||\\//||
How is tissue damage caused with parasitic infections?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Tissue damage by parasites is secondary to release of enzymes that destroy surrounding
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
extracellular matrix and tissue. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the most common parasitic infection worldwide?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Malaria.
What is malaria? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
through the bites of infected mosquitos. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Infected anopheles mosquito. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Parasite enters the bloodstream, survives in the liver, and invades parenchymal cells.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Liver cells rupture and thousands of parasites enter blood, infecting RBCs.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the most common affliction of humans and includes the common cold, cold sores,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
hepatitis, HIV? ||\\//||
Viral Diseases. ||\\//||
What is the viral life cycle? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Attachment- it attaches or binds itself to the host
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Penetrates the host cell.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Releases genetic information into the host cytoplasm (RNA viruses enter the host
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
nucleus; DNA viruses enter host nucleus and may integrate into host DNA; May make||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mRNA.
Influenza Virus: Why we have to get new antiviral each year? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Surface proteins undergo change each year. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
HIV facts in US?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
About 13% of the people who have HIV don't know it and need testing.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Estimated new HIV infections declined 12% from 36,500 in 2017 to 32,100 in 2021. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Clinical manifestations of HIV? Diagnosis? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Window period: infectious but asymptomatic. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fatigue, headache, muscle aches, fever (may be asymptomatic for years).||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Diagnosis: CD4+ T-cell numbers are at or below 200 cells/uL (depending on age). ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are antimicrobials? What are their mechanisms?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Natural products of fungus, bacteria, and organisms to kill or inhibit the growth of other
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
microorganisms. ||\\//||
Bacteriostatic: Prevents growth. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Bactericidal: Directly kills microorganisms. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Mechanism: Inhibits production and function of the cell wall, blocks DNA replication, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
inhibits protein synthesis, and interferes with folic acid metabolism.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are antivirals? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Are sometimes less successful because viruses use host enzymes.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the definition of stress?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Stress is viewed as the state of affairs rising when a person relates to situations in certain
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ways.
Causes psychologic and physical responses. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are examples of stressors? Definition of stressors?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Infection, noise, decreased oxygen supply, pain, malnutrition, heat, cold, trauma, prolonged
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
exertion, radiation, responses to life events, obesity, old age, drugs, disease, surgery, and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
medical treatment. ||\\//||
Elicit a stress response or stress system through actions of the nervous and endocrine
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
systems.
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome? (GAS). Three phases?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Alarm Phase: Arousal of body defenses-fight or flight (Activates sympathetic nervous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
system). ||\\//||
Stage of Resistance or Adaptation: Mobilization that contributes to fight or flight (Begins
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with actions of adrenal hormones: Cortisol, epinephrine, and noepinephrine).
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Stage of Exhaustion (allostatic overload): Progressive breakdown of compensatory
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mechanisms (may lead to disease). ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis? How does it relate to GAS?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
questions with accurate detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Terms in this set (236) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Original
What are the four clinical stages of the process of infection and describe each?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Incubation phase: period from initial exposure to the onset of of the first symptoms; can last ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
hours to years.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prodromal phase: Starts with initial symptoms is often very mild with feelings of discomfort ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and tiredness.
||\\//||
Invasion phase: invasion is farther and affects other body tissues, symptoms of illness are at
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
their worst. ||\\//||
Convalescence phase: (RECOVERY) recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the disease is ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fatal, or has period of latency.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What activates almost every aspect of inflammation?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ||\\//||
Clinical manifestations of infection? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fatigue
malaise
weakness
concentration loss ||\\//||
aching
loss of appetite
||\\//|| ||\\//||
FEVER: HALLMARK SIGN ||\\//|| ||\\//||
leukocytosis
What is virulence? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease; How potent.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Infectious Disease Classification: Endemic? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a particular population.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Infectious Disease Classification: Epidemic? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Number of new infections in a particular population that greatly exceeds the number
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
usually observed. ||\\//||
Infectious Disease Classification: Pandemic? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
An epidemic that spreads over a large area such as a continent or worldwide.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Bacterial Infection: Gram + vs Gram - ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram-Positive: Above diaphragm. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram-Negative: Below diaphragm. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are Exotoxins? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Enzymes released during growth causing specific responses. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are Endotoxins? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released during lysis of bacteria.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Antibiotics work by prohibiting protein synthesis. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What bacteria is the major cause of hospital acquired (noscomial) infections and antibiotic
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
resistance?
Staphylococcus aureus. ||\\//||
What are fungal infections?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Systemic infection is usually from immunosuppression. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fungal infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar cell compositions to
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
human cells. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the most common fungal infection?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Candida albicans ||\\//||
How is tissue damage caused with parasitic infections?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Tissue damage by parasites is secondary to release of enzymes that destroy surrounding
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
extracellular matrix and tissue. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the most common parasitic infection worldwide?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Malaria.
What is malaria? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
through the bites of infected mosquitos. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Infected anopheles mosquito. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Parasite enters the bloodstream, survives in the liver, and invades parenchymal cells.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Liver cells rupture and thousands of parasites enter blood, infecting RBCs.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the most common affliction of humans and includes the common cold, cold sores,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
hepatitis, HIV? ||\\//||
Viral Diseases. ||\\//||
What is the viral life cycle? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Attachment- it attaches or binds itself to the host
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Penetrates the host cell.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. Releases genetic information into the host cytoplasm (RNA viruses enter the host
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
nucleus; DNA viruses enter host nucleus and may integrate into host DNA; May make||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mRNA.
Influenza Virus: Why we have to get new antiviral each year? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Surface proteins undergo change each year. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
HIV facts in US?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
About 13% of the people who have HIV don't know it and need testing.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Estimated new HIV infections declined 12% from 36,500 in 2017 to 32,100 in 2021. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Clinical manifestations of HIV? Diagnosis? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Window period: infectious but asymptomatic. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Fatigue, headache, muscle aches, fever (may be asymptomatic for years).||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Diagnosis: CD4+ T-cell numbers are at or below 200 cells/uL (depending on age). ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are antimicrobials? What are their mechanisms?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Natural products of fungus, bacteria, and organisms to kill or inhibit the growth of other
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
microorganisms. ||\\//||
Bacteriostatic: Prevents growth. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Bactericidal: Directly kills microorganisms. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Mechanism: Inhibits production and function of the cell wall, blocks DNA replication, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
inhibits protein synthesis, and interferes with folic acid metabolism.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are antivirals? ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Are sometimes less successful because viruses use host enzymes.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the definition of stress?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Stress is viewed as the state of affairs rising when a person relates to situations in certain
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ways.
Causes psychologic and physical responses. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are examples of stressors? Definition of stressors?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Infection, noise, decreased oxygen supply, pain, malnutrition, heat, cold, trauma, prolonged
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
exertion, radiation, responses to life events, obesity, old age, drugs, disease, surgery, and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
medical treatment. ||\\//||
Elicit a stress response or stress system through actions of the nervous and endocrine
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
systems.
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome? (GAS). Three phases?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Alarm Phase: Arousal of body defenses-fight or flight (Activates sympathetic nervous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
system). ||\\//||
Stage of Resistance or Adaptation: Mobilization that contributes to fight or flight (Begins
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
with actions of adrenal hormones: Cortisol, epinephrine, and noepinephrine).
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Stage of Exhaustion (allostatic overload): Progressive breakdown of compensatory
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mechanisms (may lead to disease). ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis? How does it relate to GAS?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
