FRHD 3070 Final Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
What is a needs assessment? - Answers A systematic approach to identifying social problems,
determining their extent, and accurately defining the target population to be served and the
nature of their service needs
What are the 4 conceptualizations of need? - Answers 1. Normative - there is an objective
standard or criterion
2. Perceived - what people think or feel their needs are
3. Expressed - relies on "demand stats"
4. Relative - measured by gap between level of services in one community and those in similar
communities
What is a resource inventory? - Answers A compilation of services available to 1 or more target
groups, usually in a specific geographical area
*Getting a sense of what exists
A rationale is the relationship between _________ and ________ - Answers Use; need
What barriers to service use do we need to consider? - Answers - Availability - does it exist?
- Awareness - do you know about it?
- Accessibility - if it is available, do you have access?
- Acceptability - are people satisfied?
What are periodic measurements designed to track? - Answers The course of a social condition
over time
What is prevalence? - Answers The number of existing cases within a particular condition in a
specified area during a specified time period
What is incidence? - Answers The number of new cases in a specified area during a specified
time period
About _____% of the population rate their mental health as excellent or good - Answers 90%
What is a social area analysis via geographical mapping? - Answers Showing statistical
information on maps to location concentrations of high-risk groups
What is an example of geographical mapping? - Answers - Crime hot spots in Toronto
- Obesity trends in the USA
,Geographical mapping allows us to apply __________ to different pockets and have a __________
depiction - Answers Statistics; visual
Define synthetic estimation - Answers Estimating a characteristic for a small area from data for
a larger population
- looking at national stats and applying it to local data
What is an example of synthetic estimation? - Answers An estimate of the number of births for
the student body for 1 year. We must look at married vs. single, and age range in order to figure
out what percent of students are in need. It is also necessary to look at national statistics
Define risk factor analysis - Answers Choosing special indicators based on their ability to
predict problems or use of services at the individual level
What is an example of risk factor analysis - Answers Going out into the community and getting
a sense of the risk factors and looking at their prevalence to determine a need
- ex. relationship btwn unemployment and frequency of psychological problems
OR physical activity is the risk factor for chronic illness
We choose _____________ ____________ based on their ability to predict ________________ or use of
services at the individual level - Answers Social indicators; problems
Define community forum - Answers An open meeting at which concerned community members
can discuss relevant issues
What are some types of surveys used in community forums? - Answers - client satisfaction
- key informant
- community
What is a nominal group? - Answers A method for structuring small group meetings to generate
ideas, identify problems, explore solutions, and set priorities
*asks one key question (focus groups ask multiple)
Nominal groups _______________ dominant people - Answers Neutralize
Which format is best for nominal groups? - Answers U = opportunity to walk about and facilitate
interaction
When do nominal groups produce results? - Answers Immediately
Give an example of a topic that may be discussed at a nominal group - Answers In your opinion,
what are the key components that should be included in a high school sexual health curriculum?
, List the steps (5) in a nominal group - Answers 1. Intro and opening statements - ask the
question
2. Writing ideas (independently)
3. Record ideas (round robin)
4. Clarifying ideas (conceptualize)
5. Voting
6. Researchers collect all 5 cards from each participant and create a table
What is the delphi technique? - Answers An approach that uses a series of questionnaires to
aggregate the knowledge, judgments, or opinions of experts
What does the delphi technique use? - Answers Iterations of surveys
What are some PROS and CONS of the delphi technique? - Answers PRO: accurate data with low
variability (outliers more inept to change their minds)
CON: influence/pressure respondents to change their answers, time consuming
Whatever approach you use, you need to do _____________ _____________ - Answers Multiple
rounds
What are the steps in the delphi technique? - Answers - develop the questionnaire (pilot study,
look at literature)
- distribute round 1 of questionnaire (100)
- analysis of round 1 (calculate mean, median, IQR for each item)
- distribute round 2 of questionnaires to same folk
- analysis of round 2 (descriptive stats, reasons)
- distribute round 3 of questionnaires
- continue process until narrowness or no revisions in the IR
Describe a focus group - Answers A group session where 8-9 people and multiple questions are
asked to get a feel for a variety of answers
- bastardization of qualitative data because everything needs to be number crunched
What is a photo vice? - Answers Participatory action research
- participants are like co-researchers
What is a needs assessment? - Answers A systematic approach to identifying social problems,
determining their extent, and accurately defining the target population to be served and the
nature of their service needs
What are the 4 conceptualizations of need? - Answers 1. Normative - there is an objective
standard or criterion
2. Perceived - what people think or feel their needs are
3. Expressed - relies on "demand stats"
4. Relative - measured by gap between level of services in one community and those in similar
communities
What is a resource inventory? - Answers A compilation of services available to 1 or more target
groups, usually in a specific geographical area
*Getting a sense of what exists
A rationale is the relationship between _________ and ________ - Answers Use; need
What barriers to service use do we need to consider? - Answers - Availability - does it exist?
- Awareness - do you know about it?
- Accessibility - if it is available, do you have access?
- Acceptability - are people satisfied?
What are periodic measurements designed to track? - Answers The course of a social condition
over time
What is prevalence? - Answers The number of existing cases within a particular condition in a
specified area during a specified time period
What is incidence? - Answers The number of new cases in a specified area during a specified
time period
About _____% of the population rate their mental health as excellent or good - Answers 90%
What is a social area analysis via geographical mapping? - Answers Showing statistical
information on maps to location concentrations of high-risk groups
What is an example of geographical mapping? - Answers - Crime hot spots in Toronto
- Obesity trends in the USA
,Geographical mapping allows us to apply __________ to different pockets and have a __________
depiction - Answers Statistics; visual
Define synthetic estimation - Answers Estimating a characteristic for a small area from data for
a larger population
- looking at national stats and applying it to local data
What is an example of synthetic estimation? - Answers An estimate of the number of births for
the student body for 1 year. We must look at married vs. single, and age range in order to figure
out what percent of students are in need. It is also necessary to look at national statistics
Define risk factor analysis - Answers Choosing special indicators based on their ability to
predict problems or use of services at the individual level
What is an example of risk factor analysis - Answers Going out into the community and getting
a sense of the risk factors and looking at their prevalence to determine a need
- ex. relationship btwn unemployment and frequency of psychological problems
OR physical activity is the risk factor for chronic illness
We choose _____________ ____________ based on their ability to predict ________________ or use of
services at the individual level - Answers Social indicators; problems
Define community forum - Answers An open meeting at which concerned community members
can discuss relevant issues
What are some types of surveys used in community forums? - Answers - client satisfaction
- key informant
- community
What is a nominal group? - Answers A method for structuring small group meetings to generate
ideas, identify problems, explore solutions, and set priorities
*asks one key question (focus groups ask multiple)
Nominal groups _______________ dominant people - Answers Neutralize
Which format is best for nominal groups? - Answers U = opportunity to walk about and facilitate
interaction
When do nominal groups produce results? - Answers Immediately
Give an example of a topic that may be discussed at a nominal group - Answers In your opinion,
what are the key components that should be included in a high school sexual health curriculum?
, List the steps (5) in a nominal group - Answers 1. Intro and opening statements - ask the
question
2. Writing ideas (independently)
3. Record ideas (round robin)
4. Clarifying ideas (conceptualize)
5. Voting
6. Researchers collect all 5 cards from each participant and create a table
What is the delphi technique? - Answers An approach that uses a series of questionnaires to
aggregate the knowledge, judgments, or opinions of experts
What does the delphi technique use? - Answers Iterations of surveys
What are some PROS and CONS of the delphi technique? - Answers PRO: accurate data with low
variability (outliers more inept to change their minds)
CON: influence/pressure respondents to change their answers, time consuming
Whatever approach you use, you need to do _____________ _____________ - Answers Multiple
rounds
What are the steps in the delphi technique? - Answers - develop the questionnaire (pilot study,
look at literature)
- distribute round 1 of questionnaire (100)
- analysis of round 1 (calculate mean, median, IQR for each item)
- distribute round 2 of questionnaires to same folk
- analysis of round 2 (descriptive stats, reasons)
- distribute round 3 of questionnaires
- continue process until narrowness or no revisions in the IR
Describe a focus group - Answers A group session where 8-9 people and multiple questions are
asked to get a feel for a variety of answers
- bastardization of qualitative data because everything needs to be number crunched
What is a photo vice? - Answers Participatory action research
- participants are like co-researchers
