CSCCA SCCC TEST QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025-2026
Muscle Spindle - Answers Propriocepter, Senses Stretch, Activates Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organ - Answers Propriocepter, Senses Tension, Inhibits Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organ Adaptations Resistance Training - Answers The ability of Motor Cortex to
Override Muscle Inhibition from tension
Work (Formula) - Answers Work = Force x Displacement
Power (Formula) - Answers P = Work / Velocity (Time)
Angular Displacement - Answers Angle through which an object rotates
Angular Velocity - Answers Objects Rotational Speed, measured in Radians/second (rads/s)
Moment Arm - Answers Perpendicular 90 Degree to the line of Action of the Force
Component of the Torque Unit - Answers Length of Moment Arm
Distance Component of the Work Unit - Answers Distance moved along the line of Action of the
Force
Power (Definition) - Answers Direct mathematical Function of Force and Velocity
Strength (Definition) - Answers The Capacity to Exert Force at any given Velocity
Human Strength (Manifestation) - Answers - Increased Neural Control
- Increased Muscle Cross-Sectional Area
- Increased Muscle Fiber Arrangement
- Increased Muscle Length
- Efficient Joint Angles
- Increased Joint Angular Velocity
- Increased Body Size
Maximal Force Output (Determining Factor) - Answers Neural Control
- Increased Motor Units / Contractions
- Increased in Motor Unit Size
- Increased Firing Rate
,Rate Coding - Answers Motor Units being Fired
Cori Cycle - Answers Process of transporting Lactate in the blood to the liver to be converted to
Glucose
Lactate, Lactic Acid, and Metabolic Acidosis - Answers Doesn't exist
NADH - Answers Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
- Produced during Glycolytic reactions
- Can be transported to the E+Transport Chain to produce ATP
Two Mechanisms for Resynthesizing ATP - Answers 1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation - Answers Process of
- Adding Inorganic Phosphate
- To another molecule
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answers Resynthesis of ATP via the Electro Transport Chain
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - Answers Direct resynthesis of
- ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways
Phosphofructokinase - Answers Enzyme used during Glycolysis that requires energy
Glycogenolysis - Answers Muscle glycogen broken down by
- Glycogen Phosphorylase
- Already phosphorylated glucose
Control of Glycolysis Rate - Answers High concentrations of ADP, Pi, and Ammonia
Decreases in pH, and AMP
End Product Regulation / Feedback Regulation - Answers Allosteric Regulation
- End product of a reaction/s Feedback to regulate turnover of key enzymes
Allosteric Inhibition - Answers End product binds to the regulatory enzyme
Decreased turnover rate
Slows Product formation
,Allosteric Activation - Answers When the "activator" binds with the enzyme and increases its
turnover rate
Rate-Limiting Step - Answers Slowest step of a chemical reaction that
- Determines the speed (rate) of the remainder of the reaction proceeds
Lactate Threshold (LT) - Answers Specific Break Point that:
- During the lactate accumulation curve
- As exercise intensity increases
- The "intensity" that Blood lactate ABRUPT increases
- Above baseline concentrations
Lactate Threshold (Intensity) - Answers Maximal Oxygen Uptake:
- 50%-60% of Max Oxygen Uptake (untrained)
- 70%-80% of Max Oxygen Uptake (trained)
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) - Answers The second increase in rate of lactate
accumulation
- Noted at higher relative intensities
Oxidative System (Purpose) - Answers - Primary Source of ATP at rest
- Primary Source of ATP at low-intensity activities
- Uses primarily CHO and FAT substrates
- PRO not significant contributor of E+ unless starving or 90+ minutes of exercise
Percentage of Substrates Used at Rest - Answers 70% FAT
30% CHO
- Shifts at the onset of Exercise
Cytochromes - Answers Electron carries that carry hydrogen atoms in the Electron transport
chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Definition) - Answers The process of producing ATP via the ETC
ATP Yield from Oxidation of one Glucose Molecule - Answers Slow Glycolysis: 10
Krebs Cycle: 30
, Total 40
Beta Oxidation - Answers When Free Fatty Acids enter Mitochondria
- Series of reactions in which FFA are broken down
- Forms Acetyl-CoA and Hydrogen Protins
- Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle directly to form ATP
- Yields 300 ATP, far more than any other substrate
Gluconeogenesis - Answers Converting proteins into new glucose
Branched-Chain Amino Acids - Answers The major amino acids that oxidized in Skeletal Muscle
- Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
- Sometimes: alanine, aspartate, and glutamate
Byproducts of Amino Acid Degradation - Answers Nitrogen, Urea, small amounts of Ammonia
Rate Limiting Step of Krebs Cycle - Answers Conversion of Isocitrate to
- ä-ketoglutarate
- Enzyme: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Substrate Energy Production Capacity - Answers Determined by intensity of exercise
How Intensity Effects Substrate Utilization (Not Duration) - Answers The shorter the event, the
higher the Intensity because the energy demand burns through E+ systems so fast.
Time/Intensity Thresholds of E+ Systems - Answers - 0-6 Secs (Ext. High Int): Phosphagen
- 6-30 secs (Very High Int): Phosphage/Fast Glycolysis
- 03 secs-2mins (High): Fast Glycolysis
- 2-3mins (Moderate): Fast Glycolysis and Oxidative Systems
- >3mins (low): Oxidative
Rate of ATP Production - Answers 1. Phosphagen
2. Fast Glycolysis
3. Slow Glycolysis
4. Oxidation of CHO
Muscle Spindle - Answers Propriocepter, Senses Stretch, Activates Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organ - Answers Propriocepter, Senses Tension, Inhibits Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organ Adaptations Resistance Training - Answers The ability of Motor Cortex to
Override Muscle Inhibition from tension
Work (Formula) - Answers Work = Force x Displacement
Power (Formula) - Answers P = Work / Velocity (Time)
Angular Displacement - Answers Angle through which an object rotates
Angular Velocity - Answers Objects Rotational Speed, measured in Radians/second (rads/s)
Moment Arm - Answers Perpendicular 90 Degree to the line of Action of the Force
Component of the Torque Unit - Answers Length of Moment Arm
Distance Component of the Work Unit - Answers Distance moved along the line of Action of the
Force
Power (Definition) - Answers Direct mathematical Function of Force and Velocity
Strength (Definition) - Answers The Capacity to Exert Force at any given Velocity
Human Strength (Manifestation) - Answers - Increased Neural Control
- Increased Muscle Cross-Sectional Area
- Increased Muscle Fiber Arrangement
- Increased Muscle Length
- Efficient Joint Angles
- Increased Joint Angular Velocity
- Increased Body Size
Maximal Force Output (Determining Factor) - Answers Neural Control
- Increased Motor Units / Contractions
- Increased in Motor Unit Size
- Increased Firing Rate
,Rate Coding - Answers Motor Units being Fired
Cori Cycle - Answers Process of transporting Lactate in the blood to the liver to be converted to
Glucose
Lactate, Lactic Acid, and Metabolic Acidosis - Answers Doesn't exist
NADH - Answers Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
- Produced during Glycolytic reactions
- Can be transported to the E+Transport Chain to produce ATP
Two Mechanisms for Resynthesizing ATP - Answers 1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation - Answers Process of
- Adding Inorganic Phosphate
- To another molecule
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answers Resynthesis of ATP via the Electro Transport Chain
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - Answers Direct resynthesis of
- ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways
Phosphofructokinase - Answers Enzyme used during Glycolysis that requires energy
Glycogenolysis - Answers Muscle glycogen broken down by
- Glycogen Phosphorylase
- Already phosphorylated glucose
Control of Glycolysis Rate - Answers High concentrations of ADP, Pi, and Ammonia
Decreases in pH, and AMP
End Product Regulation / Feedback Regulation - Answers Allosteric Regulation
- End product of a reaction/s Feedback to regulate turnover of key enzymes
Allosteric Inhibition - Answers End product binds to the regulatory enzyme
Decreased turnover rate
Slows Product formation
,Allosteric Activation - Answers When the "activator" binds with the enzyme and increases its
turnover rate
Rate-Limiting Step - Answers Slowest step of a chemical reaction that
- Determines the speed (rate) of the remainder of the reaction proceeds
Lactate Threshold (LT) - Answers Specific Break Point that:
- During the lactate accumulation curve
- As exercise intensity increases
- The "intensity" that Blood lactate ABRUPT increases
- Above baseline concentrations
Lactate Threshold (Intensity) - Answers Maximal Oxygen Uptake:
- 50%-60% of Max Oxygen Uptake (untrained)
- 70%-80% of Max Oxygen Uptake (trained)
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) - Answers The second increase in rate of lactate
accumulation
- Noted at higher relative intensities
Oxidative System (Purpose) - Answers - Primary Source of ATP at rest
- Primary Source of ATP at low-intensity activities
- Uses primarily CHO and FAT substrates
- PRO not significant contributor of E+ unless starving or 90+ minutes of exercise
Percentage of Substrates Used at Rest - Answers 70% FAT
30% CHO
- Shifts at the onset of Exercise
Cytochromes - Answers Electron carries that carry hydrogen atoms in the Electron transport
chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Definition) - Answers The process of producing ATP via the ETC
ATP Yield from Oxidation of one Glucose Molecule - Answers Slow Glycolysis: 10
Krebs Cycle: 30
, Total 40
Beta Oxidation - Answers When Free Fatty Acids enter Mitochondria
- Series of reactions in which FFA are broken down
- Forms Acetyl-CoA and Hydrogen Protins
- Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle directly to form ATP
- Yields 300 ATP, far more than any other substrate
Gluconeogenesis - Answers Converting proteins into new glucose
Branched-Chain Amino Acids - Answers The major amino acids that oxidized in Skeletal Muscle
- Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
- Sometimes: alanine, aspartate, and glutamate
Byproducts of Amino Acid Degradation - Answers Nitrogen, Urea, small amounts of Ammonia
Rate Limiting Step of Krebs Cycle - Answers Conversion of Isocitrate to
- ä-ketoglutarate
- Enzyme: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Substrate Energy Production Capacity - Answers Determined by intensity of exercise
How Intensity Effects Substrate Utilization (Not Duration) - Answers The shorter the event, the
higher the Intensity because the energy demand burns through E+ systems so fast.
Time/Intensity Thresholds of E+ Systems - Answers - 0-6 Secs (Ext. High Int): Phosphagen
- 6-30 secs (Very High Int): Phosphage/Fast Glycolysis
- 03 secs-2mins (High): Fast Glycolysis
- 2-3mins (Moderate): Fast Glycolysis and Oxidative Systems
- >3mins (low): Oxidative
Rate of ATP Production - Answers 1. Phosphagen
2. Fast Glycolysis
3. Slow Glycolysis
4. Oxidation of CHO
