NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions and 100% Correct Answers
UPDATED () (Verified)
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis?
Ans: Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other
abdominal organs), *liver*
Quiz The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
Ans: 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis
and lipogenesis
Quiz What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
,Ans: Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
Quiz What is the body's defense against ROS?
Ans: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
Quiz How are free radicals produced?
Ans: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
Quiz action potential
Ans: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes
Quiz Threshold potential
Ans: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
, Quiz Hypokalemia and action potentials
Ans: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Quiz Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Ans: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
Quiz Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Ans: Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Quiz Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Ans: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Quiz Atrophy
Ans: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and
Questions and 100% Correct Answers
UPDATED () (Verified)
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis?
Ans: Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other
abdominal organs), *liver*
Quiz The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
Ans: 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis
and lipogenesis
Quiz What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
,Ans: Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
Quiz What is the body's defense against ROS?
Ans: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
Quiz How are free radicals produced?
Ans: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
Quiz action potential
Ans: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes
Quiz Threshold potential
Ans: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
, Quiz Hypokalemia and action potentials
Ans: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Quiz Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Ans: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
Quiz Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Ans: Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Quiz Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Ans: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Quiz Atrophy
Ans: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and
