PSYC 302 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Who is Ebbinghaus and what did he do? - Correct Answers -- The first scientific study of
memory
- "pure memory"
- Nonsense syllables
Ex: CAZ, BOF, JEP, POG,DOF, KEL
- Serial learning
What is serial learning? - Correct Answers -- the learning of a sequence of items or
responses in a precise order.
How did he measure rate of learning? - Correct Answers -- number of syllables to
number of repetitions
When is most material forgotten? - Correct Answers -- forget about 80% by 9 hours
What is savings and how was it measured? - Correct Answers -savings method:
- a way of measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that
has been previously learned and then forgotten.
What is paired associate learning? - Correct Answers -- to learn to associate one
syllable or word with another
ex) safe - green
Be able to reproduce the Atkinson Shiffrin (or modal) model of memory systems. -
Correct Answers -- External input --> sensory register or lost from sensory register
- if it goes to sensory register --> short term memory or lost from short term memory
- if it goes to short term memory --> long term memory or decay, interference, and loss
of strength in long term memory
- From long term memory it can go back to short term memory
Know what the sensory registers purpose is - Correct Answers -- Your sensory register,
also called sensory memory, is a very short-term type of memory that is engaged when
you encounter sensory stimuli that you consider important. The sensory register
enables you to remember the image, sound, smell, taste or touch after you are no
longer exposed to it.
Know alternate names of STM. - Correct Answers -- also known as primary or active
memory
, Know the types of stores and control Processes (act on information in the store or move
it from one store to another). - Correct Answers -short-term store:
- working memory
long-term store:
-Episodic - personal events
Sematic - knowing the meaning of things/ general knowledge
procedural - how to do something
What is the capacity and duration of STM? - Correct Answers -Capacity: Miller's magical
number 7, plus or minus 2.
duration: 15 - 30 seconds
Know what the Peterson & Peterson (1959) exp. found. Were their conclusions correct?
- Correct Answers -- Goal: determine how long non- rehearsed information stays in
short term memory.
- On each trial, the subject sees 3 letters, followed by 3 numbers.
- subjects must remember the letters while counting backward by 3's from the number.
- plot recall accuracy by time spent counting
- The data represent a simple decay function
- Decay: loss of memory trace due simply to the passage of time.
- Interference plays little to no part in this task.
Know how information is lost from STM - Correct Answers -- Information is lost through
displacement or decay.
Know and be able to distinguish between proactive and retroactive interference. -
Correct Answers -protractive interference:
- previously presented material interferes with new learning
ex: walking today to where you parked your car yesterday
Retroactive interference:
- Recent material interferes with older leaning
ex: musician learns a new song, harder to recall older song
George Miller and the magic number "7" i.e., What is our memory span? - Correct
Answers -- 7 plus or minus 2
What methods can we use to increase the practical limits of our memory span? -
Correct Answers -- Chunking
- redundancy and predictability
ex: California postal codes begin with 9
- Recoding - repackaging of material - when we take knowledge already in our memory
and change the format in which it is stored
Who is Ebbinghaus and what did he do? - Correct Answers -- The first scientific study of
memory
- "pure memory"
- Nonsense syllables
Ex: CAZ, BOF, JEP, POG,DOF, KEL
- Serial learning
What is serial learning? - Correct Answers -- the learning of a sequence of items or
responses in a precise order.
How did he measure rate of learning? - Correct Answers -- number of syllables to
number of repetitions
When is most material forgotten? - Correct Answers -- forget about 80% by 9 hours
What is savings and how was it measured? - Correct Answers -savings method:
- a way of measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that
has been previously learned and then forgotten.
What is paired associate learning? - Correct Answers -- to learn to associate one
syllable or word with another
ex) safe - green
Be able to reproduce the Atkinson Shiffrin (or modal) model of memory systems. -
Correct Answers -- External input --> sensory register or lost from sensory register
- if it goes to sensory register --> short term memory or lost from short term memory
- if it goes to short term memory --> long term memory or decay, interference, and loss
of strength in long term memory
- From long term memory it can go back to short term memory
Know what the sensory registers purpose is - Correct Answers -- Your sensory register,
also called sensory memory, is a very short-term type of memory that is engaged when
you encounter sensory stimuli that you consider important. The sensory register
enables you to remember the image, sound, smell, taste or touch after you are no
longer exposed to it.
Know alternate names of STM. - Correct Answers -- also known as primary or active
memory
, Know the types of stores and control Processes (act on information in the store or move
it from one store to another). - Correct Answers -short-term store:
- working memory
long-term store:
-Episodic - personal events
Sematic - knowing the meaning of things/ general knowledge
procedural - how to do something
What is the capacity and duration of STM? - Correct Answers -Capacity: Miller's magical
number 7, plus or minus 2.
duration: 15 - 30 seconds
Know what the Peterson & Peterson (1959) exp. found. Were their conclusions correct?
- Correct Answers -- Goal: determine how long non- rehearsed information stays in
short term memory.
- On each trial, the subject sees 3 letters, followed by 3 numbers.
- subjects must remember the letters while counting backward by 3's from the number.
- plot recall accuracy by time spent counting
- The data represent a simple decay function
- Decay: loss of memory trace due simply to the passage of time.
- Interference plays little to no part in this task.
Know how information is lost from STM - Correct Answers -- Information is lost through
displacement or decay.
Know and be able to distinguish between proactive and retroactive interference. -
Correct Answers -protractive interference:
- previously presented material interferes with new learning
ex: walking today to where you parked your car yesterday
Retroactive interference:
- Recent material interferes with older leaning
ex: musician learns a new song, harder to recall older song
George Miller and the magic number "7" i.e., What is our memory span? - Correct
Answers -- 7 plus or minus 2
What methods can we use to increase the practical limits of our memory span? -
Correct Answers -- Chunking
- redundancy and predictability
ex: California postal codes begin with 9
- Recoding - repackaging of material - when we take knowledge already in our memory
and change the format in which it is stored
