NYU Patho Exam 1 questions and answers 2024\2025
A+ Grade
Increased Plasma Osmolality
- correct answer Describes the increased solute concentration
Decreased Plasma Osmolality
- correct answer Means a decrease in solute concentration.
Primary Level of Prevention
- correct answer Alters susceptibility by reducing exposure for susceptible persons to prevent them from
getting the disease.
e.g., immunizations, dental sealants, condoms, skin cancer prevention via education.
Secondary Level of Prevention
- correct answer early detection and screening.
e.g., skin cancer screening, DRE, PSA, PAP smears, self breast exam, pregnancy test.
Tertiary Level of Prevention
- correct answer Providing rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, & restoring effective
functioning following disease.
e.g., outreach programs, physical therapy, tetanus after contact w/ rusty nail.
Morbidity
- correct answer A term used for something that causes disease, illness, consequences or issues related
to the disease.
,Osmotic Pressure
- correct answer Created by the presence of large, non-diffusible molecules (plasma proteins) in a fluid.
These molecules draw water towards them.
B Cell
- correct answer ➊ agranulocyte
➋ role in adaptive (humoral) immunity (produce antibodies and make up 10-20% of lymphocytes)
➌ develop in bone marrow; after maturation travel to peripheral lymphoid tissues
➍ specialized cell membrane, antigen-specific, receptors (must be activated)
➎ binding to antigens triggers differentiation
➏ antigen recognition depends on the cell membrane receptors
➐ after binding to antigens they become plasma cells
Adaptive Immunity Components
- correct answer ➊ Lymphoid Progenitor Cells
➋ T lymphocytes (Cytotoxic & Helper)
➌ B lymphocytes
Differentiate into plasma cells
Antibody Production
Hypovolemia
- correct answer ECF Volume Deficit (Isotonic: ECF and concentration in cell were same) therefore...
- No changes in osmolality
- Depletion of water and sodium
e.g., loss of blood volume *= an isotonic loss*; low ECF
Dehydration
- correct answer The loss of water and salts from the body.
, Hydrostatic Pressure
- correct answer Force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall.
Kreb Cycle
- correct answer Stage of cellular respiration that finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid molecules to
carbon dioxide, releasing energy yeilding 2 ATP.
Altered Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle Outcome)
- correct answer If cell does not get enough/any O it will not yield 2 ATP; which is not enough for the cell
to function so it needs to find additional ways to create energy
Products like pyruvic acid and lactic acid can lead to acidosis which would destroy the cell.
Atrophy
- correct answer Type of reversible cellular adaptation from a decrease in the size of cells due to a
decrease in functional demand resulting in reduced tissue mass.
Hypertrophy
- correct answer Type of reversible cellular adaptation that causes an increase in the size of cells due to
an increase in functional demand resulting in enlarged tissue mass.
Hyperplasia
- correct answer A reversible cellular adaptation that causes an increase in the *number of cells* due to
an increased functional demand and/or increased stress resulting in enlarged tissue mass.
Metaplasia
- correct answer Type of reversible cellular adaptation where a mature cell type is replaced by a
different mature cell type, typically due to increased stress
Still, a normal cell but not found in this location - locations in lungs; a bronchoscopy of a chronic smoker
would display stratified squamous cells instead of columnar ciliated cells, bladder, GURD.
A+ Grade
Increased Plasma Osmolality
- correct answer Describes the increased solute concentration
Decreased Plasma Osmolality
- correct answer Means a decrease in solute concentration.
Primary Level of Prevention
- correct answer Alters susceptibility by reducing exposure for susceptible persons to prevent them from
getting the disease.
e.g., immunizations, dental sealants, condoms, skin cancer prevention via education.
Secondary Level of Prevention
- correct answer early detection and screening.
e.g., skin cancer screening, DRE, PSA, PAP smears, self breast exam, pregnancy test.
Tertiary Level of Prevention
- correct answer Providing rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, & restoring effective
functioning following disease.
e.g., outreach programs, physical therapy, tetanus after contact w/ rusty nail.
Morbidity
- correct answer A term used for something that causes disease, illness, consequences or issues related
to the disease.
,Osmotic Pressure
- correct answer Created by the presence of large, non-diffusible molecules (plasma proteins) in a fluid.
These molecules draw water towards them.
B Cell
- correct answer ➊ agranulocyte
➋ role in adaptive (humoral) immunity (produce antibodies and make up 10-20% of lymphocytes)
➌ develop in bone marrow; after maturation travel to peripheral lymphoid tissues
➍ specialized cell membrane, antigen-specific, receptors (must be activated)
➎ binding to antigens triggers differentiation
➏ antigen recognition depends on the cell membrane receptors
➐ after binding to antigens they become plasma cells
Adaptive Immunity Components
- correct answer ➊ Lymphoid Progenitor Cells
➋ T lymphocytes (Cytotoxic & Helper)
➌ B lymphocytes
Differentiate into plasma cells
Antibody Production
Hypovolemia
- correct answer ECF Volume Deficit (Isotonic: ECF and concentration in cell were same) therefore...
- No changes in osmolality
- Depletion of water and sodium
e.g., loss of blood volume *= an isotonic loss*; low ECF
Dehydration
- correct answer The loss of water and salts from the body.
, Hydrostatic Pressure
- correct answer Force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall.
Kreb Cycle
- correct answer Stage of cellular respiration that finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid molecules to
carbon dioxide, releasing energy yeilding 2 ATP.
Altered Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle Outcome)
- correct answer If cell does not get enough/any O it will not yield 2 ATP; which is not enough for the cell
to function so it needs to find additional ways to create energy
Products like pyruvic acid and lactic acid can lead to acidosis which would destroy the cell.
Atrophy
- correct answer Type of reversible cellular adaptation from a decrease in the size of cells due to a
decrease in functional demand resulting in reduced tissue mass.
Hypertrophy
- correct answer Type of reversible cellular adaptation that causes an increase in the size of cells due to
an increase in functional demand resulting in enlarged tissue mass.
Hyperplasia
- correct answer A reversible cellular adaptation that causes an increase in the *number of cells* due to
an increased functional demand and/or increased stress resulting in enlarged tissue mass.
Metaplasia
- correct answer Type of reversible cellular adaptation where a mature cell type is replaced by a
different mature cell type, typically due to increased stress
Still, a normal cell but not found in this location - locations in lungs; a bronchoscopy of a chronic smoker
would display stratified squamous cells instead of columnar ciliated cells, bladder, GURD.
