BIOL 2402 - Exam 1 - UMSL
What were the two types of scholars (for the intellectual roots of theories about
evolution) in Europe? - CORRECT ANSWER-The immutists and the Evolutionists
Who are the immutists? Who are two famous immutists? - CORRECT ANSWER-•The
Immutists believe species are fixed and unchangeable
•Carolus Linnaeus (father of taxonomy)
•Rev. John Ray and the Naturalists - fantastical creatures are manifestations of the
divine mind
Who are the evolutionists? Who are is our most famous evolutionist, and what do think?
- CORRECT ANSWER-•Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck's main points:
•Spontaneous generation - living matter comes from non living matter, which is wrong.
•Evolution from lowest to perfect (read: humans)
•Inheritance of acquired characteristics (passing on laser hair removal to your kids)
What is the problem with acquired characteristics? - CORRECT ANSWER-•The needs
of an individual are not encoded in the genome of germ cells
•Therefore they can't be inherited
What is the problem with the Ladder of Progress? - CORRECT ANSWER-1.) To
evolution, there is only now. The idea of a direction or concept of the future or
increasing complexity is wrong.
2.)The idea that primitive/basal organisms are less evolved or less perfect assumes that
selection favors organisms that are pleasing to humans rather than best adapted to their
time and place.
Who are credited with formalizing the theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Charles Darwin & Alfred R. Wallace
The Modern Synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER-The later combination of Mendelian
genetics and Darwinian evolution
Stuff you need to have addressed - CORRECT ANSWER-Card 2 - Pre-European
scholars
card 32
Ch2
card 48
card 53
card 61
,What do we need to know about fins?
I just need some help with scales in general
card 146
Of the Pre-European scholars, list the major contributors to biological
research/anatomical research (6) - CORRECT ANSWER-•First the Greeks: ~400 BC
•Chinese: ~300 BC - Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species
•Romans: 0 - 300 AD - The fall of Rome brings the Dark Ages to Europe
•The Islamic Golden Age takes hold - Islamic Scholars made progress for seven
centuries but have been largely left out of Western texts
•Latin translations in the Renaissance and Enlightenment reintroduced Greek (and
Arabic) learning to Europeans
•Europeans quickly and consistently denied the contributions of any non-European
scholars except classical Greek figures.
Important to note that there was an enlightenment during the dark ages in other parts of
the world.
What were the two main arguments of the controversy surrounding theory of evolution
by natural selection? - CORRECT ANSWER-1.) Contemporaries thought Earth was not
old enough to have allowed for the diversity of life at the pace Darwin suggested
1.) Blending inheritance was the prevailing thought of the time, this predicts a reduction
in variation through successive generations of blending
Georges Cuvier (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-•An immutist who believed that organisms
should be understood as similar to machines, composed of various interlocking
functional groups. (head of a dog body of tiger tail of a lion)
•Catastrophism (what he is most known for, that all features of the earth result from
catastrophe)
•Scientific Racism - Thought Europeans were superiors to other races.
Richard Owen - CORRECT ANSWER-•Also an immutist
•Troubled by obvious homologies among groups.
•Thus, he proposed that all living groups were composed of members constructed
around the same basic body plan or archetype, but not that they evolved.
•Also rumored to be a very bad man:
•Upon the death of his nemesis Gideon Mantell, Owen had a "section of his spine
removed, pickled and stored on a shelf at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. •It
remained there until 1969 when it was destroyed due to lack of space."
What are the three Main Morphological Concepts? (SSS) - CORRECT ANSWER-1.
Similarity
2. Symmetry
3. Segmentation
, Homology - CORRECT ANSWER-Features that are shared as a result of common
ancestry
Analogy - CORRECT ANSWER-Features that are shared as a result of a common
function
Homoplasy - CORRECT ANSWER-Features that look alike
Homologous structures - CORRECT ANSWER-Typically have different functions as a
result of diversifying selection [natural selection that drives differentiation among
ecologically similar groups]
Similar Structure/Different Function
Analogous structures - CORRECT ANSWER-Have similar functions as a result of
convergent evolution [the phenomenon of similar structures evolving independently -
e.g. vertebrate flight]
Different Structure/Similar Function
Note: Sometimes characters are only considered analogous if they are not a result of
shared ancestry
Radial - CORRECT ANSWER-Body plan laid out from a central axis; multiple planes
divide it into equal parts/mirror images
Bilateral - CORRECT ANSWER-Only the midsagittal plane divides the body into equal
parts
Frontal (coronal) plane - CORRECT ANSWER-shown in yellow
•Divides the body into ventral and dorsal (belly and back) sections
•Front and back for humans, but not for quadrupeds
Sagittal plane - CORRECT ANSWER-shown in blue
•Divides body into right and left sections (as viewed by the organism)
•Mid-sagittal (or median) plane = sagittal plane through midline.
•Parasagittal = parallel to the sagittal plane
Transverse plane - CORRECT ANSWER-shown in red
Divides the body into anterior and posterior (head and tail) sections
•Medial - CORRECT ANSWER-- the midline, or toward the midline
•Lateral - CORRECT ANSWER-l - the sides, away from the midline
What were the two types of scholars (for the intellectual roots of theories about
evolution) in Europe? - CORRECT ANSWER-The immutists and the Evolutionists
Who are the immutists? Who are two famous immutists? - CORRECT ANSWER-•The
Immutists believe species are fixed and unchangeable
•Carolus Linnaeus (father of taxonomy)
•Rev. John Ray and the Naturalists - fantastical creatures are manifestations of the
divine mind
Who are the evolutionists? Who are is our most famous evolutionist, and what do think?
- CORRECT ANSWER-•Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck's main points:
•Spontaneous generation - living matter comes from non living matter, which is wrong.
•Evolution from lowest to perfect (read: humans)
•Inheritance of acquired characteristics (passing on laser hair removal to your kids)
What is the problem with acquired characteristics? - CORRECT ANSWER-•The needs
of an individual are not encoded in the genome of germ cells
•Therefore they can't be inherited
What is the problem with the Ladder of Progress? - CORRECT ANSWER-1.) To
evolution, there is only now. The idea of a direction or concept of the future or
increasing complexity is wrong.
2.)The idea that primitive/basal organisms are less evolved or less perfect assumes that
selection favors organisms that are pleasing to humans rather than best adapted to their
time and place.
Who are credited with formalizing the theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Charles Darwin & Alfred R. Wallace
The Modern Synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER-The later combination of Mendelian
genetics and Darwinian evolution
Stuff you need to have addressed - CORRECT ANSWER-Card 2 - Pre-European
scholars
card 32
Ch2
card 48
card 53
card 61
,What do we need to know about fins?
I just need some help with scales in general
card 146
Of the Pre-European scholars, list the major contributors to biological
research/anatomical research (6) - CORRECT ANSWER-•First the Greeks: ~400 BC
•Chinese: ~300 BC - Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species
•Romans: 0 - 300 AD - The fall of Rome brings the Dark Ages to Europe
•The Islamic Golden Age takes hold - Islamic Scholars made progress for seven
centuries but have been largely left out of Western texts
•Latin translations in the Renaissance and Enlightenment reintroduced Greek (and
Arabic) learning to Europeans
•Europeans quickly and consistently denied the contributions of any non-European
scholars except classical Greek figures.
Important to note that there was an enlightenment during the dark ages in other parts of
the world.
What were the two main arguments of the controversy surrounding theory of evolution
by natural selection? - CORRECT ANSWER-1.) Contemporaries thought Earth was not
old enough to have allowed for the diversity of life at the pace Darwin suggested
1.) Blending inheritance was the prevailing thought of the time, this predicts a reduction
in variation through successive generations of blending
Georges Cuvier (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-•An immutist who believed that organisms
should be understood as similar to machines, composed of various interlocking
functional groups. (head of a dog body of tiger tail of a lion)
•Catastrophism (what he is most known for, that all features of the earth result from
catastrophe)
•Scientific Racism - Thought Europeans were superiors to other races.
Richard Owen - CORRECT ANSWER-•Also an immutist
•Troubled by obvious homologies among groups.
•Thus, he proposed that all living groups were composed of members constructed
around the same basic body plan or archetype, but not that they evolved.
•Also rumored to be a very bad man:
•Upon the death of his nemesis Gideon Mantell, Owen had a "section of his spine
removed, pickled and stored on a shelf at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. •It
remained there until 1969 when it was destroyed due to lack of space."
What are the three Main Morphological Concepts? (SSS) - CORRECT ANSWER-1.
Similarity
2. Symmetry
3. Segmentation
, Homology - CORRECT ANSWER-Features that are shared as a result of common
ancestry
Analogy - CORRECT ANSWER-Features that are shared as a result of a common
function
Homoplasy - CORRECT ANSWER-Features that look alike
Homologous structures - CORRECT ANSWER-Typically have different functions as a
result of diversifying selection [natural selection that drives differentiation among
ecologically similar groups]
Similar Structure/Different Function
Analogous structures - CORRECT ANSWER-Have similar functions as a result of
convergent evolution [the phenomenon of similar structures evolving independently -
e.g. vertebrate flight]
Different Structure/Similar Function
Note: Sometimes characters are only considered analogous if they are not a result of
shared ancestry
Radial - CORRECT ANSWER-Body plan laid out from a central axis; multiple planes
divide it into equal parts/mirror images
Bilateral - CORRECT ANSWER-Only the midsagittal plane divides the body into equal
parts
Frontal (coronal) plane - CORRECT ANSWER-shown in yellow
•Divides the body into ventral and dorsal (belly and back) sections
•Front and back for humans, but not for quadrupeds
Sagittal plane - CORRECT ANSWER-shown in blue
•Divides body into right and left sections (as viewed by the organism)
•Mid-sagittal (or median) plane = sagittal plane through midline.
•Parasagittal = parallel to the sagittal plane
Transverse plane - CORRECT ANSWER-shown in red
Divides the body into anterior and posterior (head and tail) sections
•Medial - CORRECT ANSWER-- the midline, or toward the midline
•Lateral - CORRECT ANSWER-l - the sides, away from the midline
