NSG 521 MODULE 1
How can we tell the patient is going through cellular injury? -
ANSWERS--fatigue and malaise
-loss of well-being
-altered appetite
-fever
-increased HR
-pain
-depression
Another process to try reorder things when there has been cellular
damage; a controlled process of degradation of cellular components
for recycling - ANSWERS-autophagy
What happens to the target components of the cells - ANSWERS-the
are recycled in double membrane vesicles inside the cell that is called
an autophagisome and they fuse with a lysosome which degrade the
contents and release products for usage; this is an adaptive response to
stress to provide energy and parts for cellular metabolism to enable
the cell and its parts to survive
---muscles during exercise
---severe calorie restriction, cellular components are broken down
---cells don't always survive autophagy and die
,how many cells die with apoptosis - ANSWERS-single cells or few,
bodies system of ridding of a cell if it has issues
how many cells die with necrosis - ANSWERS-group of cells with
disruption of the tissue structure
what is the effects on the cells from apoptosis - ANSWERS--shrunken
cells
-blebbing of the membranes to form
-apoptotic bodies
-Chromatin condensed in the periphery of fragmented nuclei
-usually the mitochondria stay as they were
what is the effect of necrosis on cells - ANSWERS--swollen enlarged
cells
-fragmented nuclei
-dilated ER
-very swollen mitochondria
-outline of cell id present in early stages
what is the effects on tissues with apoptosis - ANSWERS--no
inflammation
-phagocytosis by adjacent cells
,What is the effect on tissues from necrosis - ANSWERS--acute
inflammation
-disrupted membrane permeability and leakage of cellular producers
into surrounding tissues and blood
-scar formation
what is decreased blood flow - ANSWERS-ischemia
what is the most common clinical manifestation of cell injury due to
oxygen deprivation; anaerobic metabolism occurs with rapid decrease
in intracellular pH - ANSWERS-ischemic injury
can ischemic injury be repaired - ANSWERS-yes, if oxygen and
necessary metabolic player can reach the cell in time before
mitochondria falls apart, calcium is hopelessly out of whack,
membranes irreparably damaged, and DNA/proteins damaged.
What are consequences of ischemia - ANSWERS-Atrophy, Infarction
of tissue (localized necrosis), organ dysfunction, death
•Apoptosis
-Is programmed cellular death.
-Is characterized by the "dropping off" of cellular fragments called
apoptotic bodies.
-Is the active process of cellular destruction.
-Can occur normally (developmental, involution) or pathologically.
, -Dysregulated apoptosis:
•Is excessive or not enough.
•Can lead to cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative
diseases, and ischemic injury. - ANSWERS-
What causes ischemia? - ANSWERS--low BP
-mechanical obstruction
What does ischemia compromise for the cell? - ANSWERS--delivery
of substrates for energy and metabolism
steps of ischemia - ANSWERS--lack of O2 supply
-ATP depletion
-membrane ion pumps stop working
-influx of calcium
-activated ATPase, phospholipase, proteases, endonucleases
-reactive oxygen species/free radical damage
What is reperfusion injury? - ANSWERS-tissue damage caused when
blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of
oxygen
You have had anaerobic cellular respiration happening; the pH of the
cell has dropped precipitously.
How can we tell the patient is going through cellular injury? -
ANSWERS--fatigue and malaise
-loss of well-being
-altered appetite
-fever
-increased HR
-pain
-depression
Another process to try reorder things when there has been cellular
damage; a controlled process of degradation of cellular components
for recycling - ANSWERS-autophagy
What happens to the target components of the cells - ANSWERS-the
are recycled in double membrane vesicles inside the cell that is called
an autophagisome and they fuse with a lysosome which degrade the
contents and release products for usage; this is an adaptive response to
stress to provide energy and parts for cellular metabolism to enable
the cell and its parts to survive
---muscles during exercise
---severe calorie restriction, cellular components are broken down
---cells don't always survive autophagy and die
,how many cells die with apoptosis - ANSWERS-single cells or few,
bodies system of ridding of a cell if it has issues
how many cells die with necrosis - ANSWERS-group of cells with
disruption of the tissue structure
what is the effects on the cells from apoptosis - ANSWERS--shrunken
cells
-blebbing of the membranes to form
-apoptotic bodies
-Chromatin condensed in the periphery of fragmented nuclei
-usually the mitochondria stay as they were
what is the effect of necrosis on cells - ANSWERS--swollen enlarged
cells
-fragmented nuclei
-dilated ER
-very swollen mitochondria
-outline of cell id present in early stages
what is the effects on tissues with apoptosis - ANSWERS--no
inflammation
-phagocytosis by adjacent cells
,What is the effect on tissues from necrosis - ANSWERS--acute
inflammation
-disrupted membrane permeability and leakage of cellular producers
into surrounding tissues and blood
-scar formation
what is decreased blood flow - ANSWERS-ischemia
what is the most common clinical manifestation of cell injury due to
oxygen deprivation; anaerobic metabolism occurs with rapid decrease
in intracellular pH - ANSWERS-ischemic injury
can ischemic injury be repaired - ANSWERS-yes, if oxygen and
necessary metabolic player can reach the cell in time before
mitochondria falls apart, calcium is hopelessly out of whack,
membranes irreparably damaged, and DNA/proteins damaged.
What are consequences of ischemia - ANSWERS-Atrophy, Infarction
of tissue (localized necrosis), organ dysfunction, death
•Apoptosis
-Is programmed cellular death.
-Is characterized by the "dropping off" of cellular fragments called
apoptotic bodies.
-Is the active process of cellular destruction.
-Can occur normally (developmental, involution) or pathologically.
, -Dysregulated apoptosis:
•Is excessive or not enough.
•Can lead to cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative
diseases, and ischemic injury. - ANSWERS-
What causes ischemia? - ANSWERS--low BP
-mechanical obstruction
What does ischemia compromise for the cell? - ANSWERS--delivery
of substrates for energy and metabolism
steps of ischemia - ANSWERS--lack of O2 supply
-ATP depletion
-membrane ion pumps stop working
-influx of calcium
-activated ATPase, phospholipase, proteases, endonucleases
-reactive oxygen species/free radical damage
What is reperfusion injury? - ANSWERS-tissue damage caused when
blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of
oxygen
You have had anaerobic cellular respiration happening; the pH of the
cell has dropped precipitously.
