NRSG 2350 Exam 1 2025-2026 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+
idiopathic - ANSWERSunknown cause
cell - ANSWERSThe basic unit of structure and function in living things
Structure supports ___________> - ANSWERSfunction
Diseases are made up in cells then..... - ANSWERStransferred to the systems
cell membrane - ANSWERSSemi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis
controls movement in and out of the cell
Nucleus - ANSWERSControl center of the cell
Cytoplasm - ANSWERScovers the nucleus
organelles - ANSWERSwithin the cytoplasm "workhouse"
Cell membrane transport - ANSWERS-Diffusion
-ion pumps
-channels
-endocytosis
-exocytosis
,Proteins - ANSWERStransport mechanisms- assist with transport of ion and other molecules across
plasma membrane
Protein act as what on a cell surface? - ANSWERSreceptors - this binds substances including hormones
Proteins form what to allow for transportation to a cell? - ANSWERSchannels
Enzymes are what? - ANSWERSprotein receptors
ion channels - ANSWERSchannel link receptors
passive transport - ANSWERSRequires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration: simple diffusion, facilitated, osmosis
active transport - ANSWERSrequires energy, low to high. moves ions again a concentration gradient.
ex: Na-K ATPase pump
Endocytosis - ANSWERS>bringing something into the cell
-the cell membrane envelops it and it forms a vesicle tobring into cell (old RBCs)
Phagocytosis - ANSWERSbringing large molecules in, such as bacteria
Pinocytosis - ANSWERSCell drinking
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. forms small
vesicles
receptor mediated - ANSWERSA type of endocytosis in which the cell acquires bulk quantities of specific
substances, even though they may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid.
-used for cholesterol, Vitamin B12 and iron to bring into the cell
,Exocytosis - ANSWERSHow the cell gets rid of waste.
Exits the cell.
Osmosis causes what - ANSWERSmovement from "more watery to "less watery".
What does the cell do in the body? - ANSWERS-movement
-conductivity(nerves = heart)
-metabolic absorption (intestines)
-secretion (enzymes)
-excretion (urine, tears)
-respiration
-reproduction
-communication
GI system - ANSWERS-Mouth > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > liver >
pancreas > gall bladder > rectum > anus
Excretion - ANSWERSremoval
secretion - ANSWERSmovement
What do adaptive changes allow the cell to do? - ANSWERSsurvive and maintain some degree of
function. If the cell makes no changes or makes maladaptive changes as a result of stress, the cell will
not survive.
What is cellular adaptation? - ANSWERSthe cell's response to escape and protect itself from injury
What are some functions thats require constant adaptation in humans? - ANSWERS-temp
-pH
-HR
, - BP
-RR
-vasoconstriction/vasodilation
-metabolism
causes of atrophy - ANSWERS-lack of use
-denervation
-estrogen decrease
-ischemia
-malnutrition
hypertrophy of the right ventricle - ANSWERShigh blood pressure, decreased cardiac output, pushing
blood against vasoconstriction
Hyperplasia response to injusry - ANSWERScompensatory, hormonal and pathological
ex. liver damage. pollups int he intestine. prostate can cause voiding problems, skin (sebaceous gland
increase)
Metaplasia - ANSWERSchanging from one type of mature tissue to another
Metaplasia example - ANSWERS•Pathological adaptation: Barrett's esophagus - gastric simple columnar
epithelium extends past junction into esophagus
dysplasia - ANSWERSabnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
characteristics of dysplasia - ANSWERSlooks very disorganized
can reverse
most likely cancer
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+
idiopathic - ANSWERSunknown cause
cell - ANSWERSThe basic unit of structure and function in living things
Structure supports ___________> - ANSWERSfunction
Diseases are made up in cells then..... - ANSWERStransferred to the systems
cell membrane - ANSWERSSemi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis
controls movement in and out of the cell
Nucleus - ANSWERSControl center of the cell
Cytoplasm - ANSWERScovers the nucleus
organelles - ANSWERSwithin the cytoplasm "workhouse"
Cell membrane transport - ANSWERS-Diffusion
-ion pumps
-channels
-endocytosis
-exocytosis
,Proteins - ANSWERStransport mechanisms- assist with transport of ion and other molecules across
plasma membrane
Protein act as what on a cell surface? - ANSWERSreceptors - this binds substances including hormones
Proteins form what to allow for transportation to a cell? - ANSWERSchannels
Enzymes are what? - ANSWERSprotein receptors
ion channels - ANSWERSchannel link receptors
passive transport - ANSWERSRequires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration: simple diffusion, facilitated, osmosis
active transport - ANSWERSrequires energy, low to high. moves ions again a concentration gradient.
ex: Na-K ATPase pump
Endocytosis - ANSWERS>bringing something into the cell
-the cell membrane envelops it and it forms a vesicle tobring into cell (old RBCs)
Phagocytosis - ANSWERSbringing large molecules in, such as bacteria
Pinocytosis - ANSWERSCell drinking
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. forms small
vesicles
receptor mediated - ANSWERSA type of endocytosis in which the cell acquires bulk quantities of specific
substances, even though they may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid.
-used for cholesterol, Vitamin B12 and iron to bring into the cell
,Exocytosis - ANSWERSHow the cell gets rid of waste.
Exits the cell.
Osmosis causes what - ANSWERSmovement from "more watery to "less watery".
What does the cell do in the body? - ANSWERS-movement
-conductivity(nerves = heart)
-metabolic absorption (intestines)
-secretion (enzymes)
-excretion (urine, tears)
-respiration
-reproduction
-communication
GI system - ANSWERS-Mouth > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > liver >
pancreas > gall bladder > rectum > anus
Excretion - ANSWERSremoval
secretion - ANSWERSmovement
What do adaptive changes allow the cell to do? - ANSWERSsurvive and maintain some degree of
function. If the cell makes no changes or makes maladaptive changes as a result of stress, the cell will
not survive.
What is cellular adaptation? - ANSWERSthe cell's response to escape and protect itself from injury
What are some functions thats require constant adaptation in humans? - ANSWERS-temp
-pH
-HR
, - BP
-RR
-vasoconstriction/vasodilation
-metabolism
causes of atrophy - ANSWERS-lack of use
-denervation
-estrogen decrease
-ischemia
-malnutrition
hypertrophy of the right ventricle - ANSWERShigh blood pressure, decreased cardiac output, pushing
blood against vasoconstriction
Hyperplasia response to injusry - ANSWERScompensatory, hormonal and pathological
ex. liver damage. pollups int he intestine. prostate can cause voiding problems, skin (sebaceous gland
increase)
Metaplasia - ANSWERSchanging from one type of mature tissue to another
Metaplasia example - ANSWERS•Pathological adaptation: Barrett's esophagus - gastric simple columnar
epithelium extends past junction into esophagus
dysplasia - ANSWERSabnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
characteristics of dysplasia - ANSWERSlooks very disorganized
can reverse
most likely cancer
