Federal Tax Research, 13th Edition
bv bv bv bv Page 1-1
bv
Solution Manual Federal Tax Research
bv bv bv bv
bv 13th Edition by Roby Sawyers, Steven Gill
bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv Chapters 1 -13 bv bv
,Page 1-2
bv SOLUTIONS MANUAL bv
CHAPTER 1 bv
INTRODUCTION TO TAX PRACTICE AND ETHICS bv bv bv bv bv
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
bv
1-1. In the United States, the tax system is an outgrowth of the following five disciplines: law,
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv accounting, economics, political science, and sociology. The environment for the tax system
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv isprovided by the principles of economics, sociology, and political science, while the legal
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv and accounting fields are responsible for the system‘s interpretation and application.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Each of these disciplines affects this country‘s tax system in a unique way. Economists address
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
such issues as how proposed tax legislation will affect the rate of inflation or economic growth.
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Measurement of the social equity of a tax and determining whether a tax system discriminates
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv against certain taxpayers are issues that are examined by sociologists and political scientists.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Finally, attorneys are responsible for the interpretation of the taxation statutes, and accountants
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
ensure that these same statutes are applied consistently.****8880()
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 4 bv
1-2. The other major categories of tax practice in addition to tax research are as follows:
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• Tax compliance bv
• Tax planning bv
• Tax litigation bv
Page 5
v
b bv
1-3. Tax compliance consists of gathering pertinent information, evaluating and classifying that
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv information, and filing any necessary tax returns. Compliance also includes other functions
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv necessary to satisfy governmental requirements, such as representing a client during an
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv InternalRevenue Service (IRS) audit.v
b bv bv bv
,Federal Tax Research, 13th Edition
bv bv bv bv Page 1-3 bv
Page 5 bv
1-4. Most of the tax compliance work is performed by commercial tax preparers, enrolled agents
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv (EAs), attorneys, and certified public accountants (CPAs). Noncomplex individual,
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv partnership,and corporate tax returns often are completed by commercial tax preparers. The
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv preparation of more complex returns usually is performed by EAs, attorneys, and CPAs. The
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv latter groups alsoprovide tax planning services and represent their clients before the IRS.
bv bv v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
An EA is one who is admitted to practice before the IRS by passing a special IRS-administered
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv examination, or who has worked for the IRS for five years and is issued a permit to represent
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv clients before the IRS. CPAs and attorneys are not required to take this examination and are
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv automatically admitted to practice before the IRS if they are in good standing with the bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv appropriateprofessional licensing board. v
b bv bv
Page 5 and Circular 230bv bv bv bv
1-5. Tax planning is the process of arranging one‘s financial affairs to minimize any tax liability. Much
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
of modern tax practice centers around this process, and the resulting outcome is tax avoidance.
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
There is nothing illegal or immoral in the avoidance of taxation as long as the taxpayer remains
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv within legal bounds. In contrast, tax evasion constitutes the illegal nonpayment of a tax and
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv cannotbe condoned. Activities of this sort clearly violate existing legal constraints and fall outside
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv of the domain of the professional tax practitioner.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 6 bv
1-6. In an open tax planning situation, the transaction is not yet complete; therefore, the tax practitioner
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
maintains some degree of control over the potential tax liability, and the transaction may be modi-
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv fied to achieve a more favorable tax treatment. In a closed transaction however, all of the
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv pertinentactions have been completed, and tax planning activities may be limited to the
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv presentation of the situation to the government in the most legally advantageous manner possible.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
, Page 1-4
bv SOLUTIONS MANUAL bv
Page 6 bv
1-7. Tax litigation is the process of settling a dispute with the IRS in a court of law. Typically, a tax
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
attorney handles tax litigation that progresses beyond the final IRS appeal.
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 6 bv
1-8. CPAs serve is a support capacity in tax litigation.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 6 bv
1-9. Tax research consists of the resolution of unanswered taxation questions. The tax research process
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
includes the following:
v
b bv bv
1. Identification of pertinent issues; bv bv bv
2. Specification of proper authorities; bv bv bv
3. Evaluation of the propriety of authorities; and, bv bv bv bv bv bv
4. Application of authorities to a specific situation. bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 6 bv
1-10. Circular 230 is issued by the Treasury Department and applies to all who practice before the IRS.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 7
v
b bv
1-11. In addition to Circular 230, CPAs must follow the AICPA‘s Code of Professional Conduct and
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv Statements on Standards for Tax Services. CPAs must also abide by the rules of the
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv appropriatestate board(s) of accountancy. v
b bv bv bv
Page 7 bv
1-12. A return preparer must obtain 18 hours of continuing education from an IRS-approved CE
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv Provider. The hours must include a 6 credit hour Annual Federal Tax Refresher course (AFTR)
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv that covers filing season issues and tax law updates. The AFTR course must include a knowledge-
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
based comprehension test administered at the conclusion of the course by the CE Provider.
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv bv bv bv Page 1-1
bv
Solution Manual Federal Tax Research
bv bv bv bv
bv 13th Edition by Roby Sawyers, Steven Gill
bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv Chapters 1 -13 bv bv
,Page 1-2
bv SOLUTIONS MANUAL bv
CHAPTER 1 bv
INTRODUCTION TO TAX PRACTICE AND ETHICS bv bv bv bv bv
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
bv
1-1. In the United States, the tax system is an outgrowth of the following five disciplines: law,
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv accounting, economics, political science, and sociology. The environment for the tax system
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv isprovided by the principles of economics, sociology, and political science, while the legal
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv and accounting fields are responsible for the system‘s interpretation and application.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Each of these disciplines affects this country‘s tax system in a unique way. Economists address
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
such issues as how proposed tax legislation will affect the rate of inflation or economic growth.
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Measurement of the social equity of a tax and determining whether a tax system discriminates
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv against certain taxpayers are issues that are examined by sociologists and political scientists.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Finally, attorneys are responsible for the interpretation of the taxation statutes, and accountants
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
ensure that these same statutes are applied consistently.****8880()
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 4 bv
1-2. The other major categories of tax practice in addition to tax research are as follows:
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
• Tax compliance bv
• Tax planning bv
• Tax litigation bv
Page 5
v
b bv
1-3. Tax compliance consists of gathering pertinent information, evaluating and classifying that
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv information, and filing any necessary tax returns. Compliance also includes other functions
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv necessary to satisfy governmental requirements, such as representing a client during an
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv InternalRevenue Service (IRS) audit.v
b bv bv bv
,Federal Tax Research, 13th Edition
bv bv bv bv Page 1-3 bv
Page 5 bv
1-4. Most of the tax compliance work is performed by commercial tax preparers, enrolled agents
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv (EAs), attorneys, and certified public accountants (CPAs). Noncomplex individual,
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv partnership,and corporate tax returns often are completed by commercial tax preparers. The
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv preparation of more complex returns usually is performed by EAs, attorneys, and CPAs. The
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv latter groups alsoprovide tax planning services and represent their clients before the IRS.
bv bv v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
An EA is one who is admitted to practice before the IRS by passing a special IRS-administered
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv examination, or who has worked for the IRS for five years and is issued a permit to represent
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv clients before the IRS. CPAs and attorneys are not required to take this examination and are
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv automatically admitted to practice before the IRS if they are in good standing with the bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv appropriateprofessional licensing board. v
b bv bv
Page 5 and Circular 230bv bv bv bv
1-5. Tax planning is the process of arranging one‘s financial affairs to minimize any tax liability. Much
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
of modern tax practice centers around this process, and the resulting outcome is tax avoidance.
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
There is nothing illegal or immoral in the avoidance of taxation as long as the taxpayer remains
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv within legal bounds. In contrast, tax evasion constitutes the illegal nonpayment of a tax and
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv cannotbe condoned. Activities of this sort clearly violate existing legal constraints and fall outside
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv of the domain of the professional tax practitioner.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 6 bv
1-6. In an open tax planning situation, the transaction is not yet complete; therefore, the tax practitioner
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
maintains some degree of control over the potential tax liability, and the transaction may be modi-
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv fied to achieve a more favorable tax treatment. In a closed transaction however, all of the
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv pertinentactions have been completed, and tax planning activities may be limited to the
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv presentation of the situation to the government in the most legally advantageous manner possible.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
, Page 1-4
bv SOLUTIONS MANUAL bv
Page 6 bv
1-7. Tax litigation is the process of settling a dispute with the IRS in a court of law. Typically, a tax
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
attorney handles tax litigation that progresses beyond the final IRS appeal.
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 6 bv
1-8. CPAs serve is a support capacity in tax litigation.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 6 bv
1-9. Tax research consists of the resolution of unanswered taxation questions. The tax research process
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
includes the following:
v
b bv bv
1. Identification of pertinent issues; bv bv bv
2. Specification of proper authorities; bv bv bv
3. Evaluation of the propriety of authorities; and, bv bv bv bv bv bv
4. Application of authorities to a specific situation. bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 6 bv
1-10. Circular 230 is issued by the Treasury Department and applies to all who practice before the IRS.
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
Page 7
v
b bv
1-11. In addition to Circular 230, CPAs must follow the AICPA‘s Code of Professional Conduct and
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv Statements on Standards for Tax Services. CPAs must also abide by the rules of the
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv appropriatestate board(s) of accountancy. v
b bv bv bv
Page 7 bv
1-12. A return preparer must obtain 18 hours of continuing education from an IRS-approved CE
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv Provider. The hours must include a 6 credit hour Annual Federal Tax Refresher course (AFTR)
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
bv that covers filing season issues and tax law updates. The AFTR course must include a knowledge-
bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
based comprehension test administered at the conclusion of the course by the CE Provider.
v
b bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv bv
