Microbiology Exam 1 SPC
Microbes and ubiquitous - CORRECT ANSWER-Found in Earth's crust, polar ice caps,
oceans, and the bodies of plants and animals. Occur in large numbers. Live in places
where other organisms cannot survive. Good bacteria exist.
How microbes shape out planet - CORRECT ANSWER-Microbes are the main forces
that drive the structure and content the soil, water, and atmosphere.
Produce gases such as CO2, NO, and CH3 that regulate the temp of earth.
The enormous underground community of microbes influence weathering, mineral
extraction, and soil formation.
Bacteria and fungi live in close associations with plants that help them obtain nutrients
and protect them against disease.
Human uses for microbes in history - CORRECT ANSWER-Bread, alcohol, cheese
production, treatment of wounds and lesions, mining precious metals, clean up of
human-created contamination.
Pathogens - CORRECT ANSWER-Microbes that cause disease. WHO estimates that
there are 10 billion new infections caused every year by microbes. Infections diseases
are among the most common cause of death in US and worldwide. The death toll from
infectious diseases is approximately 13 million ppl/year.
CDC reports that a child dies from malaria every 30 seconds.
Microbial causes for once thought to be noninfectious diseases: - CORRECT ANSWER-
Gastric ulcers- Helicobacter pylori
Diabetes- Coxsackievirus
Schizophrenia- born agent
Chronic infections with bacteria or viruses have been linked to multiple sclerosis, OCD,
coronary artery disease, and obesity.
Spontaneous generation theory - CORRECT ANSWER-The belief that invisible vital
forces present in matter led to the creation of life. Even after the discovery of microbes
the theory of abiogenesis was still embraced by some. Others advocated biogenesis,
saying that living things only arise from theres of their same kind.
Microorganism examples - CORRECT ANSWER-Bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths
Viruses are - CORRECT ANSWER-parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements,
dependent on their infected host, and connected with the evolution of microbes and
humans
,Factors impacting study of microorganisms: - CORRECT ANSWER-Reproduce rapidly,
can be quickly grown in large populations in the laboratory, can't be seen directly,
microscopes and other indirect means are used to study them.
Bacterial-type organisms have been on the planet for about: - CORRECT ANSWER-3.5
billion years
Only living inhabitants for about 2 billion years.
Prokaryotes have no true nucleus (pre-nucleus).
Eukaryotic organisms arose about: - CORRECT ANSWER-1.8 billion years ago.
Eu-kary means true nucleus.
Precursors to the organisms that eventually formed multicellular animals
Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER-helped to prove that
microbes can be airborne, and live cannot be created from nothing.
Robert Hooke - CORRECT ANSWER-1660s, used simple magnifying glass to study
household objects/specimens.
Leeuwenhoek - CORRECT ANSWER-manufactured simple microscopes to see the
threads in fabrics. Observed "animalcules" in drops of rainwater and other samples.
Constructed over 250 small microscopes that could magnify up to 300x.
Joseph Lister - CORRECT ANSWER-use of aseptic techniques in surgery in the mid-
1800s.
Ferdinand Cohn - CORRECT ANSWER-Discovery of endospores
Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis - CORRECT ANSWER-The importance
of aseptic techniques and had washing by physicians attending patients.
Robert Koch - CORRECT ANSWER-developed a series of postulates that verified the
germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it
caused.
Eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER-Contain organelles. Only some eukaryotes are
microorganisms; many are complex organisms that can be seen with the naked eye.
Some are included in the study of infectious diseases because of the way they are
transmitted and the way the body responds to them, though they are not
microorganisms.
, Organelles - CORRECT ANSWER-small, double-membran-bound structures that
perform specific functions in a cell and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts.
Prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER-About 10 times smaller than eukaryotes. Lack
organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms.
Viruses - CORRECT ANSWER-Not independently living cellular organisms. Composed
of hereditary material (DNA or RNA, but not both) and a protein coat. Inside a host
organism, they exist as a form of genetic material that confers a partial genetic program
on the host.
Macromolecules - CORRECT ANSWER-Very large molecules. Four main types:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER-Generally represented by the chemical formula
(CH2O)n
Contribute to structural support and protection, nutrient and energy stores.
eg. Peptidoglycan, Lipopolysaccharide, Glycocalyx
Peptidoglycan - CORRECT ANSWER-Polysaccharides linked to peptide fragments;
found in bacterial cell walls.
Lipopolysaccharide - CORRECT ANSWER-Complex of lipid and polysaccharide found
in some bacterial cell walls, responsible for symptoms of fever and shock.
Glycocalyx - CORRECT ANSWER-Outer surface of many cells; functions in attachment
or as a receptor that receives external stimuli.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER-Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes.
eg. Triglycerides, Glycerol, Fatty acids.
Triglycerides - CORRECT ANSWER-Storage lipids including fats and oils.
glycerol - CORRECT ANSWER-3-carbon alcohol with 3 OH groups that serve as
binding sites.
Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-Long-chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl
group (COOH) that binds with glycerol.
Saturated Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-Liquid at room temperature.
Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER-Predominant organic molecule in cells.
Microbes and ubiquitous - CORRECT ANSWER-Found in Earth's crust, polar ice caps,
oceans, and the bodies of plants and animals. Occur in large numbers. Live in places
where other organisms cannot survive. Good bacteria exist.
How microbes shape out planet - CORRECT ANSWER-Microbes are the main forces
that drive the structure and content the soil, water, and atmosphere.
Produce gases such as CO2, NO, and CH3 that regulate the temp of earth.
The enormous underground community of microbes influence weathering, mineral
extraction, and soil formation.
Bacteria and fungi live in close associations with plants that help them obtain nutrients
and protect them against disease.
Human uses for microbes in history - CORRECT ANSWER-Bread, alcohol, cheese
production, treatment of wounds and lesions, mining precious metals, clean up of
human-created contamination.
Pathogens - CORRECT ANSWER-Microbes that cause disease. WHO estimates that
there are 10 billion new infections caused every year by microbes. Infections diseases
are among the most common cause of death in US and worldwide. The death toll from
infectious diseases is approximately 13 million ppl/year.
CDC reports that a child dies from malaria every 30 seconds.
Microbial causes for once thought to be noninfectious diseases: - CORRECT ANSWER-
Gastric ulcers- Helicobacter pylori
Diabetes- Coxsackievirus
Schizophrenia- born agent
Chronic infections with bacteria or viruses have been linked to multiple sclerosis, OCD,
coronary artery disease, and obesity.
Spontaneous generation theory - CORRECT ANSWER-The belief that invisible vital
forces present in matter led to the creation of life. Even after the discovery of microbes
the theory of abiogenesis was still embraced by some. Others advocated biogenesis,
saying that living things only arise from theres of their same kind.
Microorganism examples - CORRECT ANSWER-Bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths
Viruses are - CORRECT ANSWER-parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements,
dependent on their infected host, and connected with the evolution of microbes and
humans
,Factors impacting study of microorganisms: - CORRECT ANSWER-Reproduce rapidly,
can be quickly grown in large populations in the laboratory, can't be seen directly,
microscopes and other indirect means are used to study them.
Bacterial-type organisms have been on the planet for about: - CORRECT ANSWER-3.5
billion years
Only living inhabitants for about 2 billion years.
Prokaryotes have no true nucleus (pre-nucleus).
Eukaryotic organisms arose about: - CORRECT ANSWER-1.8 billion years ago.
Eu-kary means true nucleus.
Precursors to the organisms that eventually formed multicellular animals
Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER-helped to prove that
microbes can be airborne, and live cannot be created from nothing.
Robert Hooke - CORRECT ANSWER-1660s, used simple magnifying glass to study
household objects/specimens.
Leeuwenhoek - CORRECT ANSWER-manufactured simple microscopes to see the
threads in fabrics. Observed "animalcules" in drops of rainwater and other samples.
Constructed over 250 small microscopes that could magnify up to 300x.
Joseph Lister - CORRECT ANSWER-use of aseptic techniques in surgery in the mid-
1800s.
Ferdinand Cohn - CORRECT ANSWER-Discovery of endospores
Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis - CORRECT ANSWER-The importance
of aseptic techniques and had washing by physicians attending patients.
Robert Koch - CORRECT ANSWER-developed a series of postulates that verified the
germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it
caused.
Eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER-Contain organelles. Only some eukaryotes are
microorganisms; many are complex organisms that can be seen with the naked eye.
Some are included in the study of infectious diseases because of the way they are
transmitted and the way the body responds to them, though they are not
microorganisms.
, Organelles - CORRECT ANSWER-small, double-membran-bound structures that
perform specific functions in a cell and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts.
Prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER-About 10 times smaller than eukaryotes. Lack
organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms.
Viruses - CORRECT ANSWER-Not independently living cellular organisms. Composed
of hereditary material (DNA or RNA, but not both) and a protein coat. Inside a host
organism, they exist as a form of genetic material that confers a partial genetic program
on the host.
Macromolecules - CORRECT ANSWER-Very large molecules. Four main types:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER-Generally represented by the chemical formula
(CH2O)n
Contribute to structural support and protection, nutrient and energy stores.
eg. Peptidoglycan, Lipopolysaccharide, Glycocalyx
Peptidoglycan - CORRECT ANSWER-Polysaccharides linked to peptide fragments;
found in bacterial cell walls.
Lipopolysaccharide - CORRECT ANSWER-Complex of lipid and polysaccharide found
in some bacterial cell walls, responsible for symptoms of fever and shock.
Glycocalyx - CORRECT ANSWER-Outer surface of many cells; functions in attachment
or as a receptor that receives external stimuli.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER-Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes.
eg. Triglycerides, Glycerol, Fatty acids.
Triglycerides - CORRECT ANSWER-Storage lipids including fats and oils.
glycerol - CORRECT ANSWER-3-carbon alcohol with 3 OH groups that serve as
binding sites.
Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-Long-chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl
group (COOH) that binds with glycerol.
Saturated Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-Liquid at room temperature.
Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER-Predominant organic molecule in cells.
