Psyc 381 Exam 1
Apple or Basket - CORRECT ANSWER-Make sure to consider the basket (the system -
hiring practices, relevant laws, training, and social policy)
Policing Time Line - CORRECT ANSWER-1600: The "Watch"
1800: First Police Departments
1950: Police used to suppress civil rights
1980: Police begin unionizing and striking
1990: CIT
Incarceration - CORRECT ANSWER-1600: Whipping, Stockades, etc.
1800: First State Prisons Open
1900s: Calls for Prison Reforms
1950s - Present: Five Fold Increase in the Number of Individuals Incarcerated
Mental Health Treatment Timeline - CORRECT ANSWER-1600: Home
1800: First State Hospitals Open
1900s: Poor Conditions in Hospitals
1950s: 600,000 in Mental Hospitals
1963: Comm. Mental Health Act & Medicaid Act
1979: LRE
2000s: 55,000 in Mental Hospitals
Misunderstanding Mental Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER-When people do not
understand mental illness they have a tendency to describe behaviors in terms of
"moral" failings.
Schizophrenia = Demonic possession
PTSD = Weak minded, constitutional inferiority
Borderline Personality Disorder = Attention Seeking
Depression - Lazy
The Exceptions - Disorders that were easily identifiable from birth... like intellectual
disability and Down's Syndrome
And the judicial system did (and still does) follow these conventions. Judges receive no
training in the nature of mental illness.
How is mental illness viewed? - CORRECT ANSWER-Not like physical illnesses (no
lump, no x-ray, no hair loss, no wheelchair).
Every other organ in your body can get sick and you get sympathy, but not your brain.
People blame the individual and suggests overly simple solutions.
Many people feel they understand mental illness based on personal experiences, but do
not.
,And judges, police officers, attorneys, etc. act just like everyone else until they learn
something different.
What is a Mental Disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER-A pattern of behavior...
Causes a problem for the individual...
Is not what you would expect given the situation...
That is not social deviance...
That we have seen before in other people.
Scope of the Problem - CORRECT ANSWER-Roughly 5% of the American Population,
at any given moment, has a recognized and diagnosable mental illness (not counting
addiction).
An estimated 16% of state prison inmates are diagnosed with a mental illness, 7% of all
federal inmates, 16% of all local jails and 16% of all probationers. [Three largest
populations]
Schizophrenia - CORRECT ANSWER-Roughly 1% of the general population is
diagnosed with schizophrenia while 2% of correctional inmates are diagnosed with
schizophrenia.
Age of onset 18-25 in men, a bit later for women (up to the early 30's)
Earlier signs are generally seen as being indicative of a worse prognosis, but gender
needs to be taken into consideration.
Increased suicide risk.
5-6% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia commit suicide and 20% will attempt
suicide. The national average is just less than 1%. This may be done in reaction to
command hallucinations or other aspects of the disorder.
Schizophrenia Diagnostic Criteria - CORRECT ANSWER-Characteristic symptoms (two
are required for diagnosis):
Hallucinations
Delusions - Illogical beliefs that an individual believes even when they have been
proven to be not true (ex. chip in their arm)
Cognitive symptoms
Affective flattening (monotone voice, ahedonia, or avolition)
Disorganized speech (Frequent derailment, sentence stopping, alogia)
Duration
Generally a lifetime course
Hallucinations - CORRECT ANSWER-Probably the first thing people think of when they
paint a mental picture of the disorder.
Defined - The experience of sensory events without input from the outside environment.
Auditory hallucinations are the most common though tactile and visual hallucinations
exist.
Can be difficult to diagnose.
, Individuals are, understandably, reluctant to report hallucinations and since we can't
hear or see them, they can be hard to diagnose.
They are well enough to know that they shouldn't tell others that the voices are real, but
not well enough to believe it themselves.
They may lose their full analytic capabilities, rational thinking, ability for self care and
then inhabit a world where the hallucinations they experience are more real, and more
important, than any actual relationship. This means they find themselves exiled in a
world of hallucinations that are, most often, cruel.
Delusions - CORRECT ANSWER-Based in reality, but a misrepresentation of reality.
Do not respond to evidence or logic.
Types of delusions:
Somatic
Grandeur
Persecutory
Erotomanic
Jealous
Cognitive Symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER-Alogia (the relative absence of speech)
Avolition (inability to initiate or persist in activities)
Ahedonia (Indifference to activities generally considered pleasurable)
Affective flattening (little, or no, emotion shown on the face)
Subtypes of Schizophrenia - CORRECT ANSWER-Paranoid Type: Preoccupation with
1 or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations
Disorganized Type: All of the following are prominent - disorganized speech,
disorganized or catatonic behavior, flat or inappropriate affect
Catatonic Type - Motoric immobility or mutism, Peculiarities of voluntary movement as
evidenced by posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent mannerisms, or prominent
grimacing
Echolalia or echopraxia
Undifferentiated Type
Cultural Factors - CORRECT ANSWER-Member of minority groups are diagnosed at
higher levels. This may be due to the fact that they are the victims of bias and
stereotyping, but also may be due to the fact that this disorder is under-diagnosed in
individuals of a similar race.
Similarly, individuals belonging to a minority group are more likely to be detailed against
their will, brought to the hospital by police, and given emergency injections of
medications.
Apple or Basket - CORRECT ANSWER-Make sure to consider the basket (the system -
hiring practices, relevant laws, training, and social policy)
Policing Time Line - CORRECT ANSWER-1600: The "Watch"
1800: First Police Departments
1950: Police used to suppress civil rights
1980: Police begin unionizing and striking
1990: CIT
Incarceration - CORRECT ANSWER-1600: Whipping, Stockades, etc.
1800: First State Prisons Open
1900s: Calls for Prison Reforms
1950s - Present: Five Fold Increase in the Number of Individuals Incarcerated
Mental Health Treatment Timeline - CORRECT ANSWER-1600: Home
1800: First State Hospitals Open
1900s: Poor Conditions in Hospitals
1950s: 600,000 in Mental Hospitals
1963: Comm. Mental Health Act & Medicaid Act
1979: LRE
2000s: 55,000 in Mental Hospitals
Misunderstanding Mental Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER-When people do not
understand mental illness they have a tendency to describe behaviors in terms of
"moral" failings.
Schizophrenia = Demonic possession
PTSD = Weak minded, constitutional inferiority
Borderline Personality Disorder = Attention Seeking
Depression - Lazy
The Exceptions - Disorders that were easily identifiable from birth... like intellectual
disability and Down's Syndrome
And the judicial system did (and still does) follow these conventions. Judges receive no
training in the nature of mental illness.
How is mental illness viewed? - CORRECT ANSWER-Not like physical illnesses (no
lump, no x-ray, no hair loss, no wheelchair).
Every other organ in your body can get sick and you get sympathy, but not your brain.
People blame the individual and suggests overly simple solutions.
Many people feel they understand mental illness based on personal experiences, but do
not.
,And judges, police officers, attorneys, etc. act just like everyone else until they learn
something different.
What is a Mental Disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER-A pattern of behavior...
Causes a problem for the individual...
Is not what you would expect given the situation...
That is not social deviance...
That we have seen before in other people.
Scope of the Problem - CORRECT ANSWER-Roughly 5% of the American Population,
at any given moment, has a recognized and diagnosable mental illness (not counting
addiction).
An estimated 16% of state prison inmates are diagnosed with a mental illness, 7% of all
federal inmates, 16% of all local jails and 16% of all probationers. [Three largest
populations]
Schizophrenia - CORRECT ANSWER-Roughly 1% of the general population is
diagnosed with schizophrenia while 2% of correctional inmates are diagnosed with
schizophrenia.
Age of onset 18-25 in men, a bit later for women (up to the early 30's)
Earlier signs are generally seen as being indicative of a worse prognosis, but gender
needs to be taken into consideration.
Increased suicide risk.
5-6% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia commit suicide and 20% will attempt
suicide. The national average is just less than 1%. This may be done in reaction to
command hallucinations or other aspects of the disorder.
Schizophrenia Diagnostic Criteria - CORRECT ANSWER-Characteristic symptoms (two
are required for diagnosis):
Hallucinations
Delusions - Illogical beliefs that an individual believes even when they have been
proven to be not true (ex. chip in their arm)
Cognitive symptoms
Affective flattening (monotone voice, ahedonia, or avolition)
Disorganized speech (Frequent derailment, sentence stopping, alogia)
Duration
Generally a lifetime course
Hallucinations - CORRECT ANSWER-Probably the first thing people think of when they
paint a mental picture of the disorder.
Defined - The experience of sensory events without input from the outside environment.
Auditory hallucinations are the most common though tactile and visual hallucinations
exist.
Can be difficult to diagnose.
, Individuals are, understandably, reluctant to report hallucinations and since we can't
hear or see them, they can be hard to diagnose.
They are well enough to know that they shouldn't tell others that the voices are real, but
not well enough to believe it themselves.
They may lose their full analytic capabilities, rational thinking, ability for self care and
then inhabit a world where the hallucinations they experience are more real, and more
important, than any actual relationship. This means they find themselves exiled in a
world of hallucinations that are, most often, cruel.
Delusions - CORRECT ANSWER-Based in reality, but a misrepresentation of reality.
Do not respond to evidence or logic.
Types of delusions:
Somatic
Grandeur
Persecutory
Erotomanic
Jealous
Cognitive Symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER-Alogia (the relative absence of speech)
Avolition (inability to initiate or persist in activities)
Ahedonia (Indifference to activities generally considered pleasurable)
Affective flattening (little, or no, emotion shown on the face)
Subtypes of Schizophrenia - CORRECT ANSWER-Paranoid Type: Preoccupation with
1 or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations
Disorganized Type: All of the following are prominent - disorganized speech,
disorganized or catatonic behavior, flat or inappropriate affect
Catatonic Type - Motoric immobility or mutism, Peculiarities of voluntary movement as
evidenced by posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent mannerisms, or prominent
grimacing
Echolalia or echopraxia
Undifferentiated Type
Cultural Factors - CORRECT ANSWER-Member of minority groups are diagnosed at
higher levels. This may be due to the fact that they are the victims of bias and
stereotyping, but also may be due to the fact that this disorder is under-diagnosed in
individuals of a similar race.
Similarly, individuals belonging to a minority group are more likely to be detailed against
their will, brought to the hospital by police, and given emergency injections of
medications.
