SFSU Bio 230 Study Guides for Exams 1,
2, 3, and 4 2025/2026 Exam Questions
and Answers | 100% Solved
How are chromosomes, genes, alleles, proteins, traits and mutations
related? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Chromosomes contain DNA which contains
genes that can vary and are then called alleles, which code for proteins that
can be expressed as traits. Mutations happen.
What causes cancer?Are all mutations caused by mutagens? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Cancer can be caused by inheritance or sporadic mutations
(mutagens). Not all mutations are caused by mutagens.
** How do you go about determining whether the causes of cancer are
primarily genetic (inherited) or acquired (environmental)? Where in the
body are inherited mutations found/which cells must carry a mutation in
order for it to be passed on to offspring? What are the roles of newly-
,acquired mutations and inherited mutations in tumor progression? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔You can determine what caused the mutation by looking at
the cells in which the mutation is found. Inherited mutations are found in all
cells, and can be passed on (since found in gametes). Acquired mutations
occur at the site of mutation.
In what ways are gametes and somatic cells different? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Somatic cells are diploid (46 chromosomes, 23 pairs). Gametes are
Haploid (23 unpaired chromosomes).
What causes cancer? If someone said to you that cancer is disease of
stem cells, would you agree with them? Why or why not? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Mutations cause uncontrolled mitosis (cancer). Stem cells and cancer
cells are both undifferentiated cells that grow and divide, so I would agree
with this statement.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement: "Peanut butter
can cause cancer"? What is your evidence for your position? How might
peanut cultivation for food be connected to liver cancer in Africa? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔In extreme cases, peanuts infected with the fungus
aspergillus flavis can lead to the development of colon cancer. Unregulated
, peanut farming (non-ideal conditions) can encourage the grown of harmful
fungi.
What is aflatoxin? What is Aspergillus flavis? Why is aflatoxin exposure
relatively low in the US? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Aspergillus flavis is a fungus that
grows on legumes that produces aflatoxin, which attaches itself to a single
nucleotide (guanine) and causes DNA polymerase to mistakenly pair G --
A, so RNA polymerase matches T to it later, resulting in an incorrect amino
acid.
How do DNA adducts form and how do they lead to mutations? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔DNA adducts disrupt DNA helix but do not change the DNA
sequence. Ex: aflatoxin. Binds to DNA and affects the ability of DNA
polymerase to correctly translate the DNA.
What is p53? What is the role of p53 mutations in liver cancer? How does
aflatoxin affect the p53 gene? How does aflatoxin affect the protein coded
for by the p53 gene? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔p53 is the tumor suppressor gene.
Mutations of p53 results in uncontrolled mitosis since the gene is not doing
its task of suppressing cell growth. Aflatoxin promotes G to T substitution in
codon 249 of p53 gene, so improper gene is made and p53 doesn't
function properly, resulting in uncontrolled tumor growth.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2, 3, and 4 2025/2026 Exam Questions
and Answers | 100% Solved
How are chromosomes, genes, alleles, proteins, traits and mutations
related? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Chromosomes contain DNA which contains
genes that can vary and are then called alleles, which code for proteins that
can be expressed as traits. Mutations happen.
What causes cancer?Are all mutations caused by mutagens? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Cancer can be caused by inheritance or sporadic mutations
(mutagens). Not all mutations are caused by mutagens.
** How do you go about determining whether the causes of cancer are
primarily genetic (inherited) or acquired (environmental)? Where in the
body are inherited mutations found/which cells must carry a mutation in
order for it to be passed on to offspring? What are the roles of newly-
,acquired mutations and inherited mutations in tumor progression? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔You can determine what caused the mutation by looking at
the cells in which the mutation is found. Inherited mutations are found in all
cells, and can be passed on (since found in gametes). Acquired mutations
occur at the site of mutation.
In what ways are gametes and somatic cells different? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Somatic cells are diploid (46 chromosomes, 23 pairs). Gametes are
Haploid (23 unpaired chromosomes).
What causes cancer? If someone said to you that cancer is disease of
stem cells, would you agree with them? Why or why not? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Mutations cause uncontrolled mitosis (cancer). Stem cells and cancer
cells are both undifferentiated cells that grow and divide, so I would agree
with this statement.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement: "Peanut butter
can cause cancer"? What is your evidence for your position? How might
peanut cultivation for food be connected to liver cancer in Africa? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔In extreme cases, peanuts infected with the fungus
aspergillus flavis can lead to the development of colon cancer. Unregulated
, peanut farming (non-ideal conditions) can encourage the grown of harmful
fungi.
What is aflatoxin? What is Aspergillus flavis? Why is aflatoxin exposure
relatively low in the US? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Aspergillus flavis is a fungus that
grows on legumes that produces aflatoxin, which attaches itself to a single
nucleotide (guanine) and causes DNA polymerase to mistakenly pair G --
A, so RNA polymerase matches T to it later, resulting in an incorrect amino
acid.
How do DNA adducts form and how do they lead to mutations? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔DNA adducts disrupt DNA helix but do not change the DNA
sequence. Ex: aflatoxin. Binds to DNA and affects the ability of DNA
polymerase to correctly translate the DNA.
What is p53? What is the role of p53 mutations in liver cancer? How does
aflatoxin affect the p53 gene? How does aflatoxin affect the protein coded
for by the p53 gene? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔p53 is the tumor suppressor gene.
Mutations of p53 results in uncontrolled mitosis since the gene is not doing
its task of suppressing cell growth. Aflatoxin promotes G to T substitution in
codon 249 of p53 gene, so improper gene is made and p53 doesn't
function properly, resulting in uncontrolled tumor growth.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
