Psyc 220 Exam 1 Dr. Hart JMU
individualist culture - CORRECT ANSWER-cultures with many practices and customs
encouraging individuals to prioritize their own personal goals ahead of collective goals
and to emphasize the ways in which they are distinct from others
high-context culture - CORRECT ANSWER-cultures in which there is much consensual
information shared among individuals, so that much can be understood without it
needing to be explicitly stated
low-context culture - CORRECT ANSWER-cultures in which there is relatively less
consensual information shared among individuals, so that people need to rely heavily
on explicit communication
piaget's schema - CORRECT ANSWER-basic unit of intellect - framework that organize
interactions with environment
cognitive closure - CORRECT ANSWER-tend to need an answer, any answer to a
given topic, so that they may arrive at a conclusion.
cultural transmission - CORRECT ANSWER-the process by which one generation
passes culture to the next
cultural acquisition - CORRECT ANSWER-the way a group of people within a society or
culture tend to learn and pass on information.
emulative learning - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of social learning focused on the
environmental events involved with a model's behavior, such as how the use of one
object could potentially affect changes in the state of the environment.
imitative learning - CORRECT ANSWER-The process of learning new behaviors by
observing others and by modeling their behavior (also called vicarious learning).
collectivist culture - CORRECT ANSWER-cultures with many practices, institutions, and
customs encouraging individuals to place relatively more emphasis on collective goals
than individual ones
cognitive dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER-the distressing feeling that accompanies
the awareness that one is acting inconsistently
analytic thinking - CORRECT ANSWER-a type of thinking in which people focus on the
properties of objects without considering their surrounding context
, holistic thinking - CORRECT ANSWER-a type of thinking in which people focus on the
overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of
thinking is common in East Asian cultures
field dependence - CORRECT ANSWER-the tendency to view objects as bound to their
backgrounds
field independence - CORRECT ANSWER-the tendency to separate objects from their
backgrounds
frame-switching - CORRECT ANSWER-the tendency for bicultural people to switch
between different cultural selves
James Marcia's Identity Statuses - CORRECT ANSWER-identity diffusion, identity
foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement
Baumrind's Parenting Styles - CORRECT ANSWER-authoritarian, authoritative,
neglectful, indulgent
Pincus levels of discrimination - CORRECT ANSWER-individual- behavior of individual
members of one race/ethnic/gender group that is intended to have a differential and/or
harmful effect on the members of another race/ethnic/gender group, institutional- refers
to the policies of the dominant race/ethnic/gender institutions and the behavior of
individuals who control these institutions and implement policies that are intended to
have a differential and/or harmful effect on minority race/ethnic/gender groups, and
structural- refers to the policies of dominant race/ethnic/gender institutions and the
behavior of the individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions,
which are race/ethnic/gender neutral in intent but which have a differential and/or
harmful effect on minority race/ethnic/gender groups
cognitive errors in person perception - CORRECT ANSWER-Assimilation bias,
Availability bias, Anchoring bias, Confirmation bias, Representativeness bias,
Fundamental attribution error, Self-fulfilling prophecy
Four functions of stereotypes and prejudice - CORRECT ANSWER-Utilitarian - Earn
rewards, avoid punishment-Self-Esteem - protect self against possible conlicts;
scapegoating-Value-Expressive - Uphold your group's culture as superior to other
cultures' norms-Cognitive - Process large amounts of information
Five Faces of Oppression (Young) - CORRECT ANSWER-violence, exploitation,
marginalization, powerlessness, and cultural imperialism
cultural identities - CORRECT ANSWER-our view of ourselves in relation to the cultures
we belong to
individualist culture - CORRECT ANSWER-cultures with many practices and customs
encouraging individuals to prioritize their own personal goals ahead of collective goals
and to emphasize the ways in which they are distinct from others
high-context culture - CORRECT ANSWER-cultures in which there is much consensual
information shared among individuals, so that much can be understood without it
needing to be explicitly stated
low-context culture - CORRECT ANSWER-cultures in which there is relatively less
consensual information shared among individuals, so that people need to rely heavily
on explicit communication
piaget's schema - CORRECT ANSWER-basic unit of intellect - framework that organize
interactions with environment
cognitive closure - CORRECT ANSWER-tend to need an answer, any answer to a
given topic, so that they may arrive at a conclusion.
cultural transmission - CORRECT ANSWER-the process by which one generation
passes culture to the next
cultural acquisition - CORRECT ANSWER-the way a group of people within a society or
culture tend to learn and pass on information.
emulative learning - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of social learning focused on the
environmental events involved with a model's behavior, such as how the use of one
object could potentially affect changes in the state of the environment.
imitative learning - CORRECT ANSWER-The process of learning new behaviors by
observing others and by modeling their behavior (also called vicarious learning).
collectivist culture - CORRECT ANSWER-cultures with many practices, institutions, and
customs encouraging individuals to place relatively more emphasis on collective goals
than individual ones
cognitive dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER-the distressing feeling that accompanies
the awareness that one is acting inconsistently
analytic thinking - CORRECT ANSWER-a type of thinking in which people focus on the
properties of objects without considering their surrounding context
, holistic thinking - CORRECT ANSWER-a type of thinking in which people focus on the
overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of
thinking is common in East Asian cultures
field dependence - CORRECT ANSWER-the tendency to view objects as bound to their
backgrounds
field independence - CORRECT ANSWER-the tendency to separate objects from their
backgrounds
frame-switching - CORRECT ANSWER-the tendency for bicultural people to switch
between different cultural selves
James Marcia's Identity Statuses - CORRECT ANSWER-identity diffusion, identity
foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement
Baumrind's Parenting Styles - CORRECT ANSWER-authoritarian, authoritative,
neglectful, indulgent
Pincus levels of discrimination - CORRECT ANSWER-individual- behavior of individual
members of one race/ethnic/gender group that is intended to have a differential and/or
harmful effect on the members of another race/ethnic/gender group, institutional- refers
to the policies of the dominant race/ethnic/gender institutions and the behavior of
individuals who control these institutions and implement policies that are intended to
have a differential and/or harmful effect on minority race/ethnic/gender groups, and
structural- refers to the policies of dominant race/ethnic/gender institutions and the
behavior of the individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions,
which are race/ethnic/gender neutral in intent but which have a differential and/or
harmful effect on minority race/ethnic/gender groups
cognitive errors in person perception - CORRECT ANSWER-Assimilation bias,
Availability bias, Anchoring bias, Confirmation bias, Representativeness bias,
Fundamental attribution error, Self-fulfilling prophecy
Four functions of stereotypes and prejudice - CORRECT ANSWER-Utilitarian - Earn
rewards, avoid punishment-Self-Esteem - protect self against possible conlicts;
scapegoating-Value-Expressive - Uphold your group's culture as superior to other
cultures' norms-Cognitive - Process large amounts of information
Five Faces of Oppression (Young) - CORRECT ANSWER-violence, exploitation,
marginalization, powerlessness, and cultural imperialism
cultural identities - CORRECT ANSWER-our view of ourselves in relation to the cultures
we belong to
