Language Culture And Communication 7th Edition
By Bonvillain Test Bank
All Chapters (1-12)
Isbn 9780205917648
~1~
,Contents
Chapter 1 – Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2—The Form of the Message ............................................................................................ 20
Chapter 3—Language and Cultural Meaning ............................................................................. 31
Chapter 4—Contextual Components: Outline of an Ethnography of
Communication.......................................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter 5—Communicative Interactions ..................................................................................... 55
Chapter 6—Digital Communication and Signed Languages ............................................... 68
Chapter 7—Learning Language......................................................................................................... 80
Chapter 8—The Acquisition of Communicative Competence ............................................ 91
Chapter 9—Social Segmentation and Linguistic Variation: Class and Race............. 102
Chapter 10—Language and Gender .............................................................................................. 116
Chapter 11—Multilingual Nations ................................................................................................. 130
Chapter 12—Bilingual Communities............................................................................................ 143
~2~
,Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter students should be able to:
1. Explain the concept of a speech community.
2. Explain the goals and methodologies of ethnolinguists.
3. Explain the goals and methodologies of sociolinguists.
4. Describe the similarities and differences between ethnolinguistic and
sociolinguistic approaches to communicative behavior.
5. Define discourse and understand its importance in the study of interaction.
6. Explain what language ideologies are and how they are connected to language
use.
Chapter Overview
This chapter introduces the student to the basic connections between language, identity,
and ideology as well as some methodologies to explore these connections. The chapter
begins by describing the difference between situational, social, and cultural meanings,
as well as stressing the importance of context and cultural models on communicative
behavior. Next, the author introduces the student to the ideas of speech community and
speech network, noting the differences between the two notions and how both affect
language use. The different levels of linguistic pressures and control in dense and weak
social networks are also addressed. Following this, students are presented with the
basic assumptions, goals, and methodologies involved in ethnolinguistics,
sociolinguistics and language variation studies, discourse analysis, and critical discourse
analysis. Finally, the chapter defines language ideologies and gives basic background
information about the dissemination and effects of language ideologies.
Technical Terms: anthropologist, Critical Discourse Analysis, cultural meanings, cultural
model, discourse, discourse analysis, ethnographic, ethnography of communication,
ethnolinguist, ethnolinguistic approach, language ideologies, linguist, linguistic
variation, situational meanings, social meanings, sociolinguistic approach,
sociolinguistics, speech community, speech network
Chapter Outline
I. Introduction
• Speech Communities
• Ethnolinguistics
• Sociolinguistics
~3~
, • Discourse
• Language Ideologies
II. Plan of the Book
Discussion Questions
1. Labov states that members of speech communities have shared language norms
and attitudes. Has a member of your speech community ever corrected your language
use, or have you ever corrected someone else? What do these corrections reveal about
the norms and attitudes of your speech community?
2. Which variables in your own speech are tied to certain aspects of your identity?
For example, are there any things you say (or ways that you say them) that connect to
your geographical region, gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, political
orientation, profession, etc.?
3. Do you think your speech changes based on the situation—what you are doing,
where you are, or who you are with? Does it remain the same? If it does change, in what
ways does it vary?
4. Brainstorm some things that people “should” and “should not” do with language.
What do the ideas generated in the brainstorming session reveal about the language
ideologies of the class or the larger community?
Research Questions
1. Observe coworkers communicating at work. Write down any specialized terms
you hear the employees use. Write an essay in which you describe the jargon used in
that workplace setting and reflect upon the social meanings of those terms.
2. Linguist Penelope Eckert has posited that there are three waves of variation
studies in sociolinguistics. Read her article on this subject and write an essay which
compares and contrasts the three approaches to linguistic variation that she describes.
3. Choose a social factor that affects language use—gender, race, age,
socioeconomic class, etc.—and investigate studies that examine that factor. Write a
review of the literature you find that discusses the linguistic effects of that particular
social factor.
Other Readings:
Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes (Eds.). 1986. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The
Ethnography of Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundations of Socio-Linguistics. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Speech Communities and Social Networks
~4~
By Bonvillain Test Bank
All Chapters (1-12)
Isbn 9780205917648
~1~
,Contents
Chapter 1 – Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2—The Form of the Message ............................................................................................ 20
Chapter 3—Language and Cultural Meaning ............................................................................. 31
Chapter 4—Contextual Components: Outline of an Ethnography of
Communication.......................................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter 5—Communicative Interactions ..................................................................................... 55
Chapter 6—Digital Communication and Signed Languages ............................................... 68
Chapter 7—Learning Language......................................................................................................... 80
Chapter 8—The Acquisition of Communicative Competence ............................................ 91
Chapter 9—Social Segmentation and Linguistic Variation: Class and Race............. 102
Chapter 10—Language and Gender .............................................................................................. 116
Chapter 11—Multilingual Nations ................................................................................................. 130
Chapter 12—Bilingual Communities............................................................................................ 143
~2~
,Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter students should be able to:
1. Explain the concept of a speech community.
2. Explain the goals and methodologies of ethnolinguists.
3. Explain the goals and methodologies of sociolinguists.
4. Describe the similarities and differences between ethnolinguistic and
sociolinguistic approaches to communicative behavior.
5. Define discourse and understand its importance in the study of interaction.
6. Explain what language ideologies are and how they are connected to language
use.
Chapter Overview
This chapter introduces the student to the basic connections between language, identity,
and ideology as well as some methodologies to explore these connections. The chapter
begins by describing the difference between situational, social, and cultural meanings,
as well as stressing the importance of context and cultural models on communicative
behavior. Next, the author introduces the student to the ideas of speech community and
speech network, noting the differences between the two notions and how both affect
language use. The different levels of linguistic pressures and control in dense and weak
social networks are also addressed. Following this, students are presented with the
basic assumptions, goals, and methodologies involved in ethnolinguistics,
sociolinguistics and language variation studies, discourse analysis, and critical discourse
analysis. Finally, the chapter defines language ideologies and gives basic background
information about the dissemination and effects of language ideologies.
Technical Terms: anthropologist, Critical Discourse Analysis, cultural meanings, cultural
model, discourse, discourse analysis, ethnographic, ethnography of communication,
ethnolinguist, ethnolinguistic approach, language ideologies, linguist, linguistic
variation, situational meanings, social meanings, sociolinguistic approach,
sociolinguistics, speech community, speech network
Chapter Outline
I. Introduction
• Speech Communities
• Ethnolinguistics
• Sociolinguistics
~3~
, • Discourse
• Language Ideologies
II. Plan of the Book
Discussion Questions
1. Labov states that members of speech communities have shared language norms
and attitudes. Has a member of your speech community ever corrected your language
use, or have you ever corrected someone else? What do these corrections reveal about
the norms and attitudes of your speech community?
2. Which variables in your own speech are tied to certain aspects of your identity?
For example, are there any things you say (or ways that you say them) that connect to
your geographical region, gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, political
orientation, profession, etc.?
3. Do you think your speech changes based on the situation—what you are doing,
where you are, or who you are with? Does it remain the same? If it does change, in what
ways does it vary?
4. Brainstorm some things that people “should” and “should not” do with language.
What do the ideas generated in the brainstorming session reveal about the language
ideologies of the class or the larger community?
Research Questions
1. Observe coworkers communicating at work. Write down any specialized terms
you hear the employees use. Write an essay in which you describe the jargon used in
that workplace setting and reflect upon the social meanings of those terms.
2. Linguist Penelope Eckert has posited that there are three waves of variation
studies in sociolinguistics. Read her article on this subject and write an essay which
compares and contrasts the three approaches to linguistic variation that she describes.
3. Choose a social factor that affects language use—gender, race, age,
socioeconomic class, etc.—and investigate studies that examine that factor. Write a
review of the literature you find that discusses the linguistic effects of that particular
social factor.
Other Readings:
Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes (Eds.). 1986. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The
Ethnography of Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundations of Socio-Linguistics. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Speech Communities and Social Networks
~4~
