,TRANSVERSE WAVES
Pulse —> a single disturbance in a medium which Wave —> regular sequence of pulses
transfers energy from one point to another
Transverse Wave —> a wave in which the disturbance of
Transverse Pulse —> single disturbance in a medium the medium and therefore the vibration of the particles
that moves from 1 point to another. The particles of of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of
the medium temporarily move away from the rest propagation of the wave
position and return
Crest
Direction
!
Amplitude Equilibrium
( rest position )
Trough Wavelength
Pulse Length
Crest —> highest point of a wave above rest position
Amplitude —> maximum displacement of the particles ( particle displacement is positive )
of a medium from rest position
Trough —> lowest point in a wave below rest position
Medium —> material / substance in which pulses and ( particle displacement is negative )
waves move through
Equilibrium —> the position of the particles of the
Wavelength —> the distances between 2 consecutive medium at rest
points in a wave
Points in Phase —> moves in the same direction, at the
same speed and has the same displacement
B F
Points out of Phase —> moves at different speed, in
different directions and has different displacements
A C E G
↑
D
Frequency —> number of whole waves
that pass a fixed point in 1 second Inversely
Proportional
Period —> time it takes for 1 whole
wave to pass a fixed point
Note:
- when a wave bounces off a loose end —> comes back on the same side ( crest —> crest / trough —> trough )
- when a wave bounces off a fixed end —> it reflects on the opposite side ( crest —> trough )
, Formulas
V=X V = elV=fx T=1 f=1 T = time f = cycles F = no of full waves ( crest + trough )
t T f T cycles time time
LONGITUDINAL WAVES
Longitudinal Pulse —> a single disturbance in a medium which acts parallel to the direction of propagation
Longitudinal Wave —> a wave in which the disturbance of the medium and therefore the vibration of the particles
of the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave
Compression —> a region in a longitudinal wave
where the particles are pushed closer together
Rarefaction —> a region in a longitudinal wave
where the particles are further apart
Speed/Velocity —> the distance or displacement that
one complete wave travels per second ( m.s-¹ )
SOUND WAVES
Sound waves are when the air molecules in front of a sound source ( ie. Speaker ) vibrate or oscillate in a
horizontal direction. Sound Waves are like longitudinal waves which are mechanical ( needs a medium in order to
be propagated ) - they can’t be heard in a vacuum.
- when moves outwards and pushes surrounding air —> compression Transferred by nearby air molecules
- when moves inwards and pushes surrounding air in —> rarefaction
Factors affecting speed of sound
Density of the the medium —> closer the particles, easier energy is transferred from on to another
Temperature of the medium —> greater temperature means more kinetic energy, particles move faster making it
easier to transfer energy from one particle to next. Hot = faster and Cold = slower.
Pulse —> a single disturbance in a medium which Wave —> regular sequence of pulses
transfers energy from one point to another
Transverse Wave —> a wave in which the disturbance of
Transverse Pulse —> single disturbance in a medium the medium and therefore the vibration of the particles
that moves from 1 point to another. The particles of of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of
the medium temporarily move away from the rest propagation of the wave
position and return
Crest
Direction
!
Amplitude Equilibrium
( rest position )
Trough Wavelength
Pulse Length
Crest —> highest point of a wave above rest position
Amplitude —> maximum displacement of the particles ( particle displacement is positive )
of a medium from rest position
Trough —> lowest point in a wave below rest position
Medium —> material / substance in which pulses and ( particle displacement is negative )
waves move through
Equilibrium —> the position of the particles of the
Wavelength —> the distances between 2 consecutive medium at rest
points in a wave
Points in Phase —> moves in the same direction, at the
same speed and has the same displacement
B F
Points out of Phase —> moves at different speed, in
different directions and has different displacements
A C E G
↑
D
Frequency —> number of whole waves
that pass a fixed point in 1 second Inversely
Proportional
Period —> time it takes for 1 whole
wave to pass a fixed point
Note:
- when a wave bounces off a loose end —> comes back on the same side ( crest —> crest / trough —> trough )
- when a wave bounces off a fixed end —> it reflects on the opposite side ( crest —> trough )
, Formulas
V=X V = elV=fx T=1 f=1 T = time f = cycles F = no of full waves ( crest + trough )
t T f T cycles time time
LONGITUDINAL WAVES
Longitudinal Pulse —> a single disturbance in a medium which acts parallel to the direction of propagation
Longitudinal Wave —> a wave in which the disturbance of the medium and therefore the vibration of the particles
of the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave
Compression —> a region in a longitudinal wave
where the particles are pushed closer together
Rarefaction —> a region in a longitudinal wave
where the particles are further apart
Speed/Velocity —> the distance or displacement that
one complete wave travels per second ( m.s-¹ )
SOUND WAVES
Sound waves are when the air molecules in front of a sound source ( ie. Speaker ) vibrate or oscillate in a
horizontal direction. Sound Waves are like longitudinal waves which are mechanical ( needs a medium in order to
be propagated ) - they can’t be heard in a vacuum.
- when moves outwards and pushes surrounding air —> compression Transferred by nearby air molecules
- when moves inwards and pushes surrounding air in —> rarefaction
Factors affecting speed of sound
Density of the the medium —> closer the particles, easier energy is transferred from on to another
Temperature of the medium —> greater temperature means more kinetic energy, particles move faster making it
easier to transfer energy from one particle to next. Hot = faster and Cold = slower.
