APOLOGETICS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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The 6 metapologe c ques ons
1. On what basis do we argue that Chris anity is true?
2. What is the rela onship between apologe cs and theology?
3. Should apologe cs engage in a philosophical defense of the Chris an faith?
4. Can science be used to defend the Chris an faith?
5. Can the Chris an faith be supported by historical inquiry?
6. How is our knowledge of Chris an truth related to our experience?
6 Apologe c Ques ons
1. Why should we believe the Bible?
2. Don't all religions lead to God?
3. How do we know that God exists?
4. If God does exist, why does he permit evil?
5. Aren't the miracles of the Bible spiritual myths or legends and not literal fact?
6. Why should I believe what Chris ans claim about Jesus?
Classical Apologe cs
-the dominant approach to apologe cs in church history, especially prior to the modern period
-emphasizes the presenta on of Chris anity as ra onal-- as logically coherent and supportable
by sound arguments.
-offers what its advocates consider proofs of various types for the evidence of God
-draws on the thought of Chris an theologians and philosophers throughout church history
Examples of apologe c argument found in the New Testament that might be used by classical
apologists
-Acts 17 (Paul's speech in Athens)
Jus n Martyr (classical)
-developed elements of classical method in the second century
-made use of philosophical proofs for God's existence, especially in his earlier wri ngs
,Augus ne (classical)
-cited miracles and fulfilled biblical prophecy and emphasized the drama c growth and triumph
of the church through centuries of persecu on and suppression
Anselm (classical)
-offers ontological argument for the existence of God both to edify believers and to challenge
and persuade unbelievers (The Greatest Conceivable Being)
-medieval
Thomas Aquinas
-developed a number of philosophical arguments for the existence of God and expounded
Chris an teaching on the nature of God in Aristotelian philosophical categories.
-rejected Anselm's ontological argument
-prefers cosmological arguments
-said that philosophical proofs are not the basis of faith
Thomism
Thomas Aquinas' approach to philosophy
Natural Theology
-the construc on of arguments defending or proving a theis c worldview on the basis of
ra onal considera ons apart from divine revela on
-became a regular part of Chris an apologe cs in the 17th century
Charles Hodge
-wrote a three volume Systema c Theology that endorsed classical theis c proofs and was the
most influen al work of its kind in the 19th century
B.B. Warfield
-Professor of theology at Princeton Theological Seminary
-virtually all wri ngs had a strong apologe c purpose and thrust to them
-primary concern of his apologe cs was to uphold the supernatural character of Chris anity
(unless Jesus Christ was a supernatural person, specifically truly God incarnate, and unless he
rose supernaturally from the grave, Chris anity is simply not true)
-Chris anity cannot be affirmed or accepted without the supernatural
-showed this by harkening back to the chris an church's history and its theologians
-says that for theology to be properly grounded, we must know that the Bible is inspired from
God
, Garfield's two-step method of defending the Chris an faith
-establishes the truth of God's existence and the possibility of knowing God
-One shows from the evidence that God is known in his revela on in Christ and Scripture
Garfield's categoriza on of apology as a discipline
-a theore cal discipline at the head of theology. a branch of prac cal theology that deals with
the pragma c ques on of how Chris ans should explain and defend their belief
C.S. Lewis
-Best known apologe c work was Mere Chris anity
-refutes atheism, naturalism, and dualism, and presented a case for the unique claims of Christ
-not limited to ra onal argument, adopted a variety of genres
-uses fic on to defend the Chris an worldview through imagina on instead of reason
Norman Geisler
-advocates a formal theory of apologe c method
-convinced Thomist in his philosophy and apologe cs
Norman Geisler's Two step method
-builds a case for theism by demonstra ng how it conforms to ra onal criteria used to evaluate
the truth claims of compe ng world-views
-the apologist may then present the evidence for the historical claims of Chris anity
Geisler's most important works
-Philosophy of Religion and Chris an Apologe cs
The four main divisions of Geisler's philosophy of religion
-religious experience: whether experiences of God or the supernatural can be considered
ra onal
-God and reason: the theist needs not be concerned about showing that God's nonexistence is
inconceivable but only that it is undeniable
-religious language: language of God must be understood univocally-- having an iden ty of
meaning when referring to both God and creatures
-the problem of evil:
Peter KreeE
-roman catholic professor of philosophy at boston college
-models his approach on the work of thomas aquinas
NEWEST WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION RATED A+
2025/2026 NEW!!
The 6 metapologe c ques ons
1. On what basis do we argue that Chris anity is true?
2. What is the rela onship between apologe cs and theology?
3. Should apologe cs engage in a philosophical defense of the Chris an faith?
4. Can science be used to defend the Chris an faith?
5. Can the Chris an faith be supported by historical inquiry?
6. How is our knowledge of Chris an truth related to our experience?
6 Apologe c Ques ons
1. Why should we believe the Bible?
2. Don't all religions lead to God?
3. How do we know that God exists?
4. If God does exist, why does he permit evil?
5. Aren't the miracles of the Bible spiritual myths or legends and not literal fact?
6. Why should I believe what Chris ans claim about Jesus?
Classical Apologe cs
-the dominant approach to apologe cs in church history, especially prior to the modern period
-emphasizes the presenta on of Chris anity as ra onal-- as logically coherent and supportable
by sound arguments.
-offers what its advocates consider proofs of various types for the evidence of God
-draws on the thought of Chris an theologians and philosophers throughout church history
Examples of apologe c argument found in the New Testament that might be used by classical
apologists
-Acts 17 (Paul's speech in Athens)
Jus n Martyr (classical)
-developed elements of classical method in the second century
-made use of philosophical proofs for God's existence, especially in his earlier wri ngs
,Augus ne (classical)
-cited miracles and fulfilled biblical prophecy and emphasized the drama c growth and triumph
of the church through centuries of persecu on and suppression
Anselm (classical)
-offers ontological argument for the existence of God both to edify believers and to challenge
and persuade unbelievers (The Greatest Conceivable Being)
-medieval
Thomas Aquinas
-developed a number of philosophical arguments for the existence of God and expounded
Chris an teaching on the nature of God in Aristotelian philosophical categories.
-rejected Anselm's ontological argument
-prefers cosmological arguments
-said that philosophical proofs are not the basis of faith
Thomism
Thomas Aquinas' approach to philosophy
Natural Theology
-the construc on of arguments defending or proving a theis c worldview on the basis of
ra onal considera ons apart from divine revela on
-became a regular part of Chris an apologe cs in the 17th century
Charles Hodge
-wrote a three volume Systema c Theology that endorsed classical theis c proofs and was the
most influen al work of its kind in the 19th century
B.B. Warfield
-Professor of theology at Princeton Theological Seminary
-virtually all wri ngs had a strong apologe c purpose and thrust to them
-primary concern of his apologe cs was to uphold the supernatural character of Chris anity
(unless Jesus Christ was a supernatural person, specifically truly God incarnate, and unless he
rose supernaturally from the grave, Chris anity is simply not true)
-Chris anity cannot be affirmed or accepted without the supernatural
-showed this by harkening back to the chris an church's history and its theologians
-says that for theology to be properly grounded, we must know that the Bible is inspired from
God
, Garfield's two-step method of defending the Chris an faith
-establishes the truth of God's existence and the possibility of knowing God
-One shows from the evidence that God is known in his revela on in Christ and Scripture
Garfield's categoriza on of apology as a discipline
-a theore cal discipline at the head of theology. a branch of prac cal theology that deals with
the pragma c ques on of how Chris ans should explain and defend their belief
C.S. Lewis
-Best known apologe c work was Mere Chris anity
-refutes atheism, naturalism, and dualism, and presented a case for the unique claims of Christ
-not limited to ra onal argument, adopted a variety of genres
-uses fic on to defend the Chris an worldview through imagina on instead of reason
Norman Geisler
-advocates a formal theory of apologe c method
-convinced Thomist in his philosophy and apologe cs
Norman Geisler's Two step method
-builds a case for theism by demonstra ng how it conforms to ra onal criteria used to evaluate
the truth claims of compe ng world-views
-the apologist may then present the evidence for the historical claims of Chris anity
Geisler's most important works
-Philosophy of Religion and Chris an Apologe cs
The four main divisions of Geisler's philosophy of religion
-religious experience: whether experiences of God or the supernatural can be considered
ra onal
-God and reason: the theist needs not be concerned about showing that God's nonexistence is
inconceivable but only that it is undeniable
-religious language: language of God must be understood univocally-- having an iden ty of
meaning when referring to both God and creatures
-the problem of evil:
Peter KreeE
-roman catholic professor of philosophy at boston college
-models his approach on the work of thomas aquinas
