1 | Page
FINAL NR 545 / EXPERT VERIFIED ACTUAL QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS FOR GUARANTEED PASS | NEWEST UPDATE
2025-2026
1. Which acid–base imbalance is most common in COPD?
A) Respiratory alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Metabolic alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic CO₂ retention leads to respiratory acidosis
with renal compensation.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with peaked
T-waves on ECG?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypernatremia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: High potassium causes cardiac excitability → tall,
peaked T waves.
3. Which symptom is most expected in left-sided heart
failure?
,2 | Page
A) Peripheral edema
B) Ascites
C) Pulmonary congestion and crackles
D) Jugular vein distention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Left-sided failure backs fluid into lungs → pulmonary
edema, crackles.
4. Which finding best indicates hypovolemic shock?
A) High BP, slow HR
B) Low BP, rapid HR, cold clammy skin
C) Normal BP, bounding pulses
D) Fever and tachypnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypovolemia causes decreased perfusion →
hypotension, tachycardia, pale cool skin.
5. Which complication is associated with portal
hypertension?
A) Pleural effusion
B) Esophageal varices
C) Chronic bronchitis
D) Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased portal pressure causes varices, ascites, and
splenomegaly.
6. Which hormone deficiency is responsible for diabetes
insipidus?
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A) Cortisol
B) ADH
C) Insulin
D) Aldosterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH deficiency → excessive urine output and
dehydration.
7. Which blood disorder results from B12 deficiency?
A) Pernicious anemia
B) Iron-deficiency anemia
C) Aplastic anemia
D) Sickle cell anemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic (pernicious)
anemia.
8. Which lab finding indicates poorly controlled diabetes
mellitus?
A) HbA1c 5.5%
B) Fasting glucose 95 mg/dL
C) HbA1c 9%
D) OGTT 120 mg/dL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HbA1c ≥ 6.5% is diagnostic; 9% shows poor control.
9. Which respiratory disorder is most associated with
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
A) Asthma
B) Emphysema
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C) Pneumonia
D) Bronchitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Deficiency → early-onset emphysema due to elastin
breakdown.
10. Which immune cells produce antibodies?
A) T-helper cells
B) Macrophages
C) Plasma cells
D) NK cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plasma cells (from B-cells) secrete antibodies.
11. Which ABG indicates metabolic acidosis?
A) pH 7.55, HCO₃ 32
B) pH 7.30, HCO₃ 15
C) pH 7.50, PaCO₂ 30
D) pH 7.45, PaCO₂ 40
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Low pH and low bicarbonate = metabolic acidosis.
12. Which disorder is associated with autoantibodies
against acetylcholine receptors?
A) ALS
B) Guillain-Barré
C) Myasthenia gravis
D) Multiple sclerosis
FINAL NR 545 / EXPERT VERIFIED ACTUAL QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS FOR GUARANTEED PASS | NEWEST UPDATE
2025-2026
1. Which acid–base imbalance is most common in COPD?
A) Respiratory alkalosis
B) Respiratory acidosis
C) Metabolic alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic CO₂ retention leads to respiratory acidosis
with renal compensation.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with peaked
T-waves on ECG?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypernatremia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: High potassium causes cardiac excitability → tall,
peaked T waves.
3. Which symptom is most expected in left-sided heart
failure?
,2 | Page
A) Peripheral edema
B) Ascites
C) Pulmonary congestion and crackles
D) Jugular vein distention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Left-sided failure backs fluid into lungs → pulmonary
edema, crackles.
4. Which finding best indicates hypovolemic shock?
A) High BP, slow HR
B) Low BP, rapid HR, cold clammy skin
C) Normal BP, bounding pulses
D) Fever and tachypnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypovolemia causes decreased perfusion →
hypotension, tachycardia, pale cool skin.
5. Which complication is associated with portal
hypertension?
A) Pleural effusion
B) Esophageal varices
C) Chronic bronchitis
D) Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased portal pressure causes varices, ascites, and
splenomegaly.
6. Which hormone deficiency is responsible for diabetes
insipidus?
,3 | Page
A) Cortisol
B) ADH
C) Insulin
D) Aldosterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH deficiency → excessive urine output and
dehydration.
7. Which blood disorder results from B12 deficiency?
A) Pernicious anemia
B) Iron-deficiency anemia
C) Aplastic anemia
D) Sickle cell anemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic (pernicious)
anemia.
8. Which lab finding indicates poorly controlled diabetes
mellitus?
A) HbA1c 5.5%
B) Fasting glucose 95 mg/dL
C) HbA1c 9%
D) OGTT 120 mg/dL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HbA1c ≥ 6.5% is diagnostic; 9% shows poor control.
9. Which respiratory disorder is most associated with
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
A) Asthma
B) Emphysema
, 4 | Page
C) Pneumonia
D) Bronchitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Deficiency → early-onset emphysema due to elastin
breakdown.
10. Which immune cells produce antibodies?
A) T-helper cells
B) Macrophages
C) Plasma cells
D) NK cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plasma cells (from B-cells) secrete antibodies.
11. Which ABG indicates metabolic acidosis?
A) pH 7.55, HCO₃ 32
B) pH 7.30, HCO₃ 15
C) pH 7.50, PaCO₂ 30
D) pH 7.45, PaCO₂ 40
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Low pH and low bicarbonate = metabolic acidosis.
12. Which disorder is associated with autoantibodies
against acetylcholine receptors?
A) ALS
B) Guillain-Barré
C) Myasthenia gravis
D) Multiple sclerosis
