PSY 381 Midterm Questions With Complete Solutions
4 "D"'s of Abnormality Correct Answer Dysfunction -
psychological dysfunction from the breakdown in cognitive,
emotional, or behavioral functioning
Distress - personal distress from the difficulty of performing
appropriate and expected roles, and/or impairment from the
context of a person's background
Deviance - atypical or not culturally expected response, the
response is outside cultural norms
Danger - to self or others
Anhedonia and Flight of Ideas Correct Answer Flight of Ideas
- subjective experience that thoughts are racing, disconnected
rambling from subject to subject during a manic episode
Anhedonia - loss of pleasure/interest in usual activities (like
sex), you're apathetic to things. During depressive episodes
Behavioral Assessment Correct Answer These are used with
people who are unable to report things accurately (children, DD,
group home) [WHO]
Used for direct observation of behavior-environment relations
Purpose is to identify problematic behaviors and situations,
identify triggers, behaviors, and consequences
,Focuses on antecedents of the behavior → then the behavior →
then the consequences of the behavior
this can cause the problem of reactivity
Biological Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior Correct Answer
that abnormal behavior is derived from our bodily functions
(Genetic, Physiological, Exposure)
Hippocrates viewed abnormal behavior as a physical disease
(hysteria)
o He ridiculed demonological accounts of illness and insanity
that come from the supernatural tradition, and instead believed
health depended on a balance of four bodily fluids: Blood, Black
Bile, Phlegm, Yellow Bile
Galen (Galenic-Hippocratic tradition) extends Hippocrate's
work, and created a humoral theory of mental illness and the
treatments remained crude - but he linked abnormality with
brain chemical imbalances which foreshadowed modern views
- General paresis (syphilis) was the first disease linked to brain
causing disorders, because the bacteria produced several unusual
psychological and behavioral symptoms - it also led to penicillin
as a successful treatment, which helped bolster the view that
mental illness is a physical illness
Biological Paradigm Correct Answer looks for biological
abnormalities that might cause abnormal behavior
,General paresis (bacteria) gave hope that scientists would
discover biological causes for other mental disorders after it led
to penicillin discovery to cure syphilis
o To date, specific biological causes have been identified for
only some cognitive disorders
Cause - genes/neurochemistry/physical damage, Treatment -
medication
can overemphasize the medical world
Biological Treatments Correct Answer a diagnosis is
developed and refined, then clues about causes are put together,
then scientists experiment with various treatments for preventing
or curing disorder (focuses on symptom alleviation)
Psychopharmacology - use of meds are often safe/effective,
alleviate symptoms, taken for awhile, side effects, prescribed by
PCP
ECT - seizures by passing electricity through brain (Unilateral
and Bilateral)
Psychosurgery - cingulotomy (used to treat severe OCD)
Biopsychosocial Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior Correct
Answer the idea that abnormal behavior is derived from all
three aspects and all three aspects affect eachother
, Integrative Approach - psychopathology is multiply determined,
and the unidimensional accounts of psychopathology are
incomplete (i.e., biological, psychological, or sociocultural)
Must consider reciprocal relations between biological,
psychological, social, and experiential factors
Brain Factors Involved In Mood Disorder Correct Answer
Brain Imaging shows severe depression is often associated with
abnormal patterns of activity and structural changes
abnormal patterns of activation in PFC often found with
depression, decreased activity on dorsolateral PFC that is
involved in emotional planning, abnormally elevated levels in
other areas (overactivity might be associated with prolonged
experience of negative emotion)
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) connection between attention
and emotion, depressed people typically show decreased
activation which might be reflected in prolonged negative
emotions and reduced ability to engage in more adaptive
behaviors (coping)
amygdala shows elevated levels of resting blood flow and
glucose metabolism in depressed and bipolar which might be
associated with more severe levels of depression
Brain Regions involved in OCD Correct Answer Basal
Ganglia - system that includes the caudate nucleus and the
putamen which triggers the urge to do something
4 "D"'s of Abnormality Correct Answer Dysfunction -
psychological dysfunction from the breakdown in cognitive,
emotional, or behavioral functioning
Distress - personal distress from the difficulty of performing
appropriate and expected roles, and/or impairment from the
context of a person's background
Deviance - atypical or not culturally expected response, the
response is outside cultural norms
Danger - to self or others
Anhedonia and Flight of Ideas Correct Answer Flight of Ideas
- subjective experience that thoughts are racing, disconnected
rambling from subject to subject during a manic episode
Anhedonia - loss of pleasure/interest in usual activities (like
sex), you're apathetic to things. During depressive episodes
Behavioral Assessment Correct Answer These are used with
people who are unable to report things accurately (children, DD,
group home) [WHO]
Used for direct observation of behavior-environment relations
Purpose is to identify problematic behaviors and situations,
identify triggers, behaviors, and consequences
,Focuses on antecedents of the behavior → then the behavior →
then the consequences of the behavior
this can cause the problem of reactivity
Biological Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior Correct Answer
that abnormal behavior is derived from our bodily functions
(Genetic, Physiological, Exposure)
Hippocrates viewed abnormal behavior as a physical disease
(hysteria)
o He ridiculed demonological accounts of illness and insanity
that come from the supernatural tradition, and instead believed
health depended on a balance of four bodily fluids: Blood, Black
Bile, Phlegm, Yellow Bile
Galen (Galenic-Hippocratic tradition) extends Hippocrate's
work, and created a humoral theory of mental illness and the
treatments remained crude - but he linked abnormality with
brain chemical imbalances which foreshadowed modern views
- General paresis (syphilis) was the first disease linked to brain
causing disorders, because the bacteria produced several unusual
psychological and behavioral symptoms - it also led to penicillin
as a successful treatment, which helped bolster the view that
mental illness is a physical illness
Biological Paradigm Correct Answer looks for biological
abnormalities that might cause abnormal behavior
,General paresis (bacteria) gave hope that scientists would
discover biological causes for other mental disorders after it led
to penicillin discovery to cure syphilis
o To date, specific biological causes have been identified for
only some cognitive disorders
Cause - genes/neurochemistry/physical damage, Treatment -
medication
can overemphasize the medical world
Biological Treatments Correct Answer a diagnosis is
developed and refined, then clues about causes are put together,
then scientists experiment with various treatments for preventing
or curing disorder (focuses on symptom alleviation)
Psychopharmacology - use of meds are often safe/effective,
alleviate symptoms, taken for awhile, side effects, prescribed by
PCP
ECT - seizures by passing electricity through brain (Unilateral
and Bilateral)
Psychosurgery - cingulotomy (used to treat severe OCD)
Biopsychosocial Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior Correct
Answer the idea that abnormal behavior is derived from all
three aspects and all three aspects affect eachother
, Integrative Approach - psychopathology is multiply determined,
and the unidimensional accounts of psychopathology are
incomplete (i.e., biological, psychological, or sociocultural)
Must consider reciprocal relations between biological,
psychological, social, and experiential factors
Brain Factors Involved In Mood Disorder Correct Answer
Brain Imaging shows severe depression is often associated with
abnormal patterns of activity and structural changes
abnormal patterns of activation in PFC often found with
depression, decreased activity on dorsolateral PFC that is
involved in emotional planning, abnormally elevated levels in
other areas (overactivity might be associated with prolonged
experience of negative emotion)
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) connection between attention
and emotion, depressed people typically show decreased
activation which might be reflected in prolonged negative
emotions and reduced ability to engage in more adaptive
behaviors (coping)
amygdala shows elevated levels of resting blood flow and
glucose metabolism in depressed and bipolar which might be
associated with more severe levels of depression
Brain Regions involved in OCD Correct Answer Basal
Ganglia - system that includes the caudate nucleus and the
putamen which triggers the urge to do something
