Blood & Blood Vessels: Chapter 19
-Blood is a liquid connective tissue that begins in mesenchymal tissue and further develops into
hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells which are incharge of gas transport (O2 and CO2)
-When RBC leave bone marrow it releases it’s nucleus
-Contains hemoglobin which is a quaternary protein
*Hemoglobin has 4 subunit heme groups. On each group there is a Fe atom which is specifically
where molecular oxygen binds to
-Fully saturated/ oxygenated blood means that all heme groups have oxygen attached to it, so if
all but one group has O2 attached then that’ll make blood deoxygenate and it will not be fully
saturated
-Each bind between iron and oxygen increases the affinity for the next bind
Leukocytes: White blood cells which are used in the immune system
-Granular leukocytes contain granules while agranular leukocytes do not -There are 3
types of granular leukocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils ● Neutrophils: The
most abundant wbc but has the least number of granules, these numbers will increase
during and infection
● Eosinophils: Have an equal amount of wbc and granules, these numbers will increase
with parasites and cancer
● Basophils: Have the least number of wbc but the most amount of granules, these
, numbers will increase in an allergic reaction and histamine releases
-There are multiple agranular leukocytes including, T cells, B cells, Macrophages, and
Monocytes
● T cells: Pass through the thymus to tell self from nonself
● B cells: Will come in contact with an antigen and go through genetic rearrangement to
become plasma cells which will produce antibodies
● Monocytes: When in contact with antigen they will differentiate into macrophages ●
Macrophages: Will engulf the invader so its lysosomal enzymes can break it down and
destroy it.
Thrombocytes: Not an actual cell but a platelet that are fragments of the megakaryocyte cell.
These are in charge of patching up a breech in the system
Platelet Plug Formation/ Blood Clotting: When there is a cut platelets will release sticky
proteins and start to stick to the breached area. Fibrin will come in and make a mesh at the site
to make sure there is no more leakage and it will trap elements, which will form a blood clot.
Inflammatory Response: When there is a breach in the systems, mast cells will release
histamines, those histamines will make blood vessels (capillaries) leaky and release sticky
proteins. White blood cells will travel down the blood vessel and start sticking to its walls, they
will start to slow down and then stop. Macrophages and neutrophils will come in and go through
the leaky blood vessels to the avascular area then make their way to the area of bacteria to
attack any invader.
Blood Types: A, B, AB, O these are proteins on the surface of red blood cells
-Type A blood has anti B antibodies and can only receive from type A and O blood
-Blood is a liquid connective tissue that begins in mesenchymal tissue and further develops into
hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells which are incharge of gas transport (O2 and CO2)
-When RBC leave bone marrow it releases it’s nucleus
-Contains hemoglobin which is a quaternary protein
*Hemoglobin has 4 subunit heme groups. On each group there is a Fe atom which is specifically
where molecular oxygen binds to
-Fully saturated/ oxygenated blood means that all heme groups have oxygen attached to it, so if
all but one group has O2 attached then that’ll make blood deoxygenate and it will not be fully
saturated
-Each bind between iron and oxygen increases the affinity for the next bind
Leukocytes: White blood cells which are used in the immune system
-Granular leukocytes contain granules while agranular leukocytes do not -There are 3
types of granular leukocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils ● Neutrophils: The
most abundant wbc but has the least number of granules, these numbers will increase
during and infection
● Eosinophils: Have an equal amount of wbc and granules, these numbers will increase
with parasites and cancer
● Basophils: Have the least number of wbc but the most amount of granules, these
, numbers will increase in an allergic reaction and histamine releases
-There are multiple agranular leukocytes including, T cells, B cells, Macrophages, and
Monocytes
● T cells: Pass through the thymus to tell self from nonself
● B cells: Will come in contact with an antigen and go through genetic rearrangement to
become plasma cells which will produce antibodies
● Monocytes: When in contact with antigen they will differentiate into macrophages ●
Macrophages: Will engulf the invader so its lysosomal enzymes can break it down and
destroy it.
Thrombocytes: Not an actual cell but a platelet that are fragments of the megakaryocyte cell.
These are in charge of patching up a breech in the system
Platelet Plug Formation/ Blood Clotting: When there is a cut platelets will release sticky
proteins and start to stick to the breached area. Fibrin will come in and make a mesh at the site
to make sure there is no more leakage and it will trap elements, which will form a blood clot.
Inflammatory Response: When there is a breach in the systems, mast cells will release
histamines, those histamines will make blood vessels (capillaries) leaky and release sticky
proteins. White blood cells will travel down the blood vessel and start sticking to its walls, they
will start to slow down and then stop. Macrophages and neutrophils will come in and go through
the leaky blood vessels to the avascular area then make their way to the area of bacteria to
attack any invader.
Blood Types: A, B, AB, O these are proteins on the surface of red blood cells
-Type A blood has anti B antibodies and can only receive from type A and O blood
