NEUROSYSTEMS PARTIAL
EXAM 2
Annotations
28 NOVEMBER 2022
FEMKE TE DORSTHORST
Universiteit van Amsterdam
,Inhoudsopgave
Learning topics ........................................................................................................................................ 6
The big picture .................................................................................................................................... 6
HC 1: From the cortex to the muscles – part 1 ....................................................................................... 7
From sensory to motor – cognition .................................................................................................... 7
Motor systems: ................................................................................................................................... 8
Somatotopic organisation ................................................................................................................... 8
Cingulate cortex: ............................................................................................................................. 8
Posterior parietal cortex ................................................................................................................. 8
Supplementary motor area............................................................................................................. 8
Premotor Area ................................................................................................................................ 8
Primary motor cortex (MI) .............................................................................................................. 9
Extra striate cortex .......................................................................................................................... 9
Premotor vs. primary motor cortex ................................................................................................ 9
The contribution of posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex ......................................................... 9
Projection fibers ................................................................................................................................ 10
Corona radiate & internal capsula ................................................................................................ 10
Cortico-bulbar and cortico spinal tracts ....................................................................................... 10
Cortical plasticity ............................................................................................................................... 11
Experiment: bimanual arm movements in monkeys & brain gate ............................................... 11
The reticular formation ..................................................................................................................... 11
HC 2: from the cortex to the muscles – part 2...................................................................................... 12
Spinal cord:....................................................................................................................................... 12
Motor neuron pool: .......................................................................................................................... 12
Reflexes ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Motor neuron in the spinal cord....................................................................................................... 13
Motor unit types: Size principle .................................................................................................... 13
- Two types of motor neurons: ............................................................................................... 14
Stretch reflexes: ............................................................................................................................ 14
Motor feedback ............................................................................................................................ 15
Golgi tendon organ ....................................................................................................................... 15
Feedback systems: ............................................................................................................................ 16
HC 3: Basal Ganglia Ch.18 ..................................................................................................................... 17
Anatomy ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Topographical organization .......................................................................................................... 17
Input to the basal ganglia ................................................................................................................. 18
2
, Dopamine in the brain .................................................................................................................. 18
Cortex to basal ganglia ...................................................................................................................... 19
Neurons in the basal ganglia ............................................................................................................. 20
Output via thalamus to cortex .......................................................................................................... 20
Basal ganglia motor loops ................................................................................................................. 20
Basic pathway of the internal segment: ........................................................................................... 22
Direct pathway (via the caudate putamen) ............................................................................. 22
Indirect pathway (via the subthalamatic nucleus)........................................................................ 22
Parkinson’s disease ........................................................................................................................... 24
Hypo- and hyperkinetic disorders ..................................................................................................... 25
Huntington’s disease:.................................................................................................................... 25
Therapies....................................................................................................................................... 26
HC 4: Cerebellum Ch. 19 ....................................................................................................................... 27
Basal ganglia and cerebellum ........................................................................................................... 27
Cerebellum hypoplasia ..................................................................................................................... 27
Cerebellum anatomy......................................................................................................................... 27
Major components........................................................................................................................ 27
Functional parts ............................................................................................................................ 28
Cerebellum input .......................................................................................................................... 29
Cerebellum output........................................................................................................................ 30
Cellular anatomy ............................................................................................................................... 31
Cerebellar cortex........................................................................................................................... 31
Regulating movement ................................................................................................................... 31
Network signalling in cerebellum ................................................................................................. 32
Basic functional units of the cerebellum ...................................................................................... 33
Cellular physiology – motor learning ................................................................................................ 34
Areas in the cerebellum and what happens with defects. ........................................................... 35
HC 5: Neurosystems connecting all ...................................................................................................... 37
Muscle potential ............................................................................................................................... 37
Alpha vs gamma neuron interaction – muscles corrections ......................................................... 37
Cerebellum ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Input .............................................................................................................................................. 37
Output ........................................................................................................................................... 38
Areas ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Central pattern generators ............................................................................................................... 38
The reflex arch: ............................................................................................................................. 38
3
, The moving:................................................................................................................................... 38
Pre-programmed microcircuits for a specific task ........................................................................ 39
Basal ganglia...................................................................................................................................... 40
Parkinsons disease ........................................................................................................................ 40
Eye movement .................................................................................................................................. 40
Superior colliculus: ........................................................................................................................ 41
Muscles of the eye ........................................................................................................................ 41
Innervation .................................................................................................................................... 41
Shifting the direction of the gaze .................................................................................................. 41
Stabilizing gaze .............................................................................................................................. 42
Vestibular system .............................................................................................................................. 42
Vestibular reflex system................................................................................................................ 43
Voluntary head/eye movements .................................................................................................. 43
Lesions in the central pathways .................................................................................................... 43
Neural control in saccadic eye movements ...................................................................................... 44
Topographical map of eye movement vectors ............................................................................. 44
Vestibular system .............................................................................................................................. 44
Function: ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Vestibular cerebellar connections ................................................................................................ 46
Integrated system ............................................................................................................................. 46
HC 6: The visceral motor system........................................................................................................... 48
Autonomic Neurosystems................................................................................................................. 48
Control of the visceral motor system ........................................................................................... 48
Sympathetic nervous system ............................................................................................................ 49
Adrenaline comes from the adrenal gland................................................................................... 49
Classical anatomy and physiology................................................................................................. 50
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons ............................................................................................. 50
Sympathetic trunk ......................................................................................................................... 50
Parasympathic nervous system ........................................................................................................ 50
Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons ..................................................................................... 51
Parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons.................................................................................... 51
Controlling cardiovascular system ................................................................................................ 51
The enteric nervous system .............................................................................................................. 52
Control of the visceral motor system ............................................................................................... 53
Regulation of responses of aversive stimuli in mice ......................................................................... 53
Hypothalamus: .................................................................................................................................. 53
4
EXAM 2
Annotations
28 NOVEMBER 2022
FEMKE TE DORSTHORST
Universiteit van Amsterdam
,Inhoudsopgave
Learning topics ........................................................................................................................................ 6
The big picture .................................................................................................................................... 6
HC 1: From the cortex to the muscles – part 1 ....................................................................................... 7
From sensory to motor – cognition .................................................................................................... 7
Motor systems: ................................................................................................................................... 8
Somatotopic organisation ................................................................................................................... 8
Cingulate cortex: ............................................................................................................................. 8
Posterior parietal cortex ................................................................................................................. 8
Supplementary motor area............................................................................................................. 8
Premotor Area ................................................................................................................................ 8
Primary motor cortex (MI) .............................................................................................................. 9
Extra striate cortex .......................................................................................................................... 9
Premotor vs. primary motor cortex ................................................................................................ 9
The contribution of posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex ......................................................... 9
Projection fibers ................................................................................................................................ 10
Corona radiate & internal capsula ................................................................................................ 10
Cortico-bulbar and cortico spinal tracts ....................................................................................... 10
Cortical plasticity ............................................................................................................................... 11
Experiment: bimanual arm movements in monkeys & brain gate ............................................... 11
The reticular formation ..................................................................................................................... 11
HC 2: from the cortex to the muscles – part 2...................................................................................... 12
Spinal cord:....................................................................................................................................... 12
Motor neuron pool: .......................................................................................................................... 12
Reflexes ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Motor neuron in the spinal cord....................................................................................................... 13
Motor unit types: Size principle .................................................................................................... 13
- Two types of motor neurons: ............................................................................................... 14
Stretch reflexes: ............................................................................................................................ 14
Motor feedback ............................................................................................................................ 15
Golgi tendon organ ....................................................................................................................... 15
Feedback systems: ............................................................................................................................ 16
HC 3: Basal Ganglia Ch.18 ..................................................................................................................... 17
Anatomy ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Topographical organization .......................................................................................................... 17
Input to the basal ganglia ................................................................................................................. 18
2
, Dopamine in the brain .................................................................................................................. 18
Cortex to basal ganglia ...................................................................................................................... 19
Neurons in the basal ganglia ............................................................................................................. 20
Output via thalamus to cortex .......................................................................................................... 20
Basal ganglia motor loops ................................................................................................................. 20
Basic pathway of the internal segment: ........................................................................................... 22
Direct pathway (via the caudate putamen) ............................................................................. 22
Indirect pathway (via the subthalamatic nucleus)........................................................................ 22
Parkinson’s disease ........................................................................................................................... 24
Hypo- and hyperkinetic disorders ..................................................................................................... 25
Huntington’s disease:.................................................................................................................... 25
Therapies....................................................................................................................................... 26
HC 4: Cerebellum Ch. 19 ....................................................................................................................... 27
Basal ganglia and cerebellum ........................................................................................................... 27
Cerebellum hypoplasia ..................................................................................................................... 27
Cerebellum anatomy......................................................................................................................... 27
Major components........................................................................................................................ 27
Functional parts ............................................................................................................................ 28
Cerebellum input .......................................................................................................................... 29
Cerebellum output........................................................................................................................ 30
Cellular anatomy ............................................................................................................................... 31
Cerebellar cortex........................................................................................................................... 31
Regulating movement ................................................................................................................... 31
Network signalling in cerebellum ................................................................................................. 32
Basic functional units of the cerebellum ...................................................................................... 33
Cellular physiology – motor learning ................................................................................................ 34
Areas in the cerebellum and what happens with defects. ........................................................... 35
HC 5: Neurosystems connecting all ...................................................................................................... 37
Muscle potential ............................................................................................................................... 37
Alpha vs gamma neuron interaction – muscles corrections ......................................................... 37
Cerebellum ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Input .............................................................................................................................................. 37
Output ........................................................................................................................................... 38
Areas ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Central pattern generators ............................................................................................................... 38
The reflex arch: ............................................................................................................................. 38
3
, The moving:................................................................................................................................... 38
Pre-programmed microcircuits for a specific task ........................................................................ 39
Basal ganglia...................................................................................................................................... 40
Parkinsons disease ........................................................................................................................ 40
Eye movement .................................................................................................................................. 40
Superior colliculus: ........................................................................................................................ 41
Muscles of the eye ........................................................................................................................ 41
Innervation .................................................................................................................................... 41
Shifting the direction of the gaze .................................................................................................. 41
Stabilizing gaze .............................................................................................................................. 42
Vestibular system .............................................................................................................................. 42
Vestibular reflex system................................................................................................................ 43
Voluntary head/eye movements .................................................................................................. 43
Lesions in the central pathways .................................................................................................... 43
Neural control in saccadic eye movements ...................................................................................... 44
Topographical map of eye movement vectors ............................................................................. 44
Vestibular system .............................................................................................................................. 44
Function: ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Vestibular cerebellar connections ................................................................................................ 46
Integrated system ............................................................................................................................. 46
HC 6: The visceral motor system........................................................................................................... 48
Autonomic Neurosystems................................................................................................................. 48
Control of the visceral motor system ........................................................................................... 48
Sympathetic nervous system ............................................................................................................ 49
Adrenaline comes from the adrenal gland................................................................................... 49
Classical anatomy and physiology................................................................................................. 50
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons ............................................................................................. 50
Sympathetic trunk ......................................................................................................................... 50
Parasympathic nervous system ........................................................................................................ 50
Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons ..................................................................................... 51
Parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons.................................................................................... 51
Controlling cardiovascular system ................................................................................................ 51
The enteric nervous system .............................................................................................................. 52
Control of the visceral motor system ............................................................................................... 53
Regulation of responses of aversive stimuli in mice ......................................................................... 53
Hypothalamus: .................................................................................................................................. 53
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