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Test bank for Language culture and communication 7th edition
by Bonvillain,
All Chapters (1-13) | Expert Verified Answers| Grade A+
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Answers at the End of Each Chapter
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter students should be able to:
1. Explain the concept of a speech community.
2. Explain the goals and methodologies of ethnolinguists.
3. Explain the goals and methodologies of sociolinguists.
4. Describe the similarities and differences between ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic
approaches to communicative behavior.
5. Define discourse and understand its importance in the study of interaction.
6. Explain what language ideologies are and how they are connected to language use.
Chapter Overview
This chapter introduces the student to the basic connections between language, identity, and
ideology as well as some methodologies to explore these connections. The chapter begins by
describing the difference between situational, social, and cultural meanings, as well as stressing the
importance of context and cultural models on communicative behavior. Next, the author introduces
the student to the ideas of speech community and speech network, noting the differences between
the two notions and how both affect language use. The different levels of linguistic pressures and
control in dense and weak social networks are also addressed. Following this, students are
presented with the basic assumptions, goals, and methodologies involved in ethnolinguistics,
sociolinguistics and language variation studies, discourse analysis, and critical discourse analysis.
Finally, the chapter defines language ideologies and gives basic background information about the
dissemination and effects of language ideologies.
Technical Terms: anthropologist, Critical Discourse Analysis, cultural meanings, cultural model,
discourse, discourse analysis, ethnographic, ethnography of communication, ethnolinguist,
ethnolinguistic approach, language ideologies, linguist, linguistic variation, situational meanings,
social meanings, sociolinguistic approach, sociolinguistics, speech community, speech network
Chapter Outline
I. Introduction
• Speech Communities
• Ethnolinguistics
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• Sociolinguistics
• Discourse
• Language Ideologies
II. Plan of the Book
Discussion Questions
1. Labov states that members of speech communities have shared language norms and
attitudes. Has a member of your speech community ever corrected your language use, or have you
ever corrected someone else? What do these corrections reveal about the norms and attitudes of
your speech community?
2. Which variables in your own speech are tied to certain aspects of your identity? For
example, are there any things you say (or ways that you say them) that connect to your
geographical region, gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, political orientation,
profession, etc.?
3. Do you think your speech changes based on the situation—what you are doing, where you
are, or who you are with? Does it remain the same? If it does change, in what ways does it vary?
4. Brainstorm some things that people “should” and “should not” do with language. What do
the ideas generated in the brainstorming session reveal about the language ideologies of the class
or the larger community?
Research Questions
1. Observe coworkers communicating at work. Write down any specialized terms you hear the
employees use. Write an essay in which you describe the jargon used in that workplace setting and
reflect upon the social meanings of those terms.
2. Linguist Penelope Eckert has posited that there are three waves of variation studies in
sociolinguistics. Read her article on this subject and write an essay which compares and contrasts
the three approaches to linguistic variation that she describes.
3. Choose a social factor that affects language use—gender, race, age, socioeconomic class,
etc.—and investigate studies that examine that factor. Write a review of the literature you find that
discusses the linguistic effects of that particular social factor.
Other Readings:
Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes (Eds.). 1986. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of
Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundations of Socio-Linguistics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Speech Communities and Social Networks
3|Page
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Hymes, Dell. 1986. Models of interaction of language and social life. In Directions in Sociolinguistics:
The Ethnography of Communication, ed. J. Gumperz and D. Hymes. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
Labov, William. 1966. The survey of the Lower East Side. Ch. 6, The Social Stratification of English in
New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 154-204.
Labov, William. 1972. The linguistic consequences of being a lame. Ch. 7, Language in the Inner City:
Studies in Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 255-292.
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Milroy, Leslie. 1980. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.
Milroy, Leslie. 2002. Social networks. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ed. J. K.
Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 549-571.
Milroy, Leslie and James Milroy. 1992. Social network and social class: Toward an integrated
sociolinguistic model. Language in Society 21:1-26
Patrick, Peter. 2002. The speech community. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change,
ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes. Oxford: Blackwell
Ethnolinguistics
Hymes, Dell. 1980. Language in Education: Ethnolinguistic Essays. Language and Ethnography
Series, 1. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Sociolinguistic Variation
Eckert, Penelope. 2002. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of
Identity in Belten High. Oxford: Blackwell.
Eckert, Penelope and John R. Rickford (Eds.). 2001. Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Labov, William (Ed.). 1980. Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press.
Lucas, Ceil, Robert Bayley, and Clayton Valli. 2001. Sociolinguistic Variation in American Sign
Language. Wasihngton, DC: Galludet University Press.
Zhang, Qing. 2005. A Chinese yuppie in Beijing: Phonological variation and the construction of a
new professional identity. Language in Society 32: 431-466.
Discourse Analysis
Fairclough, Norman. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gee, James. 2011. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. New York: Routledge.
4|Page
Test bank for Language culture and communication 7th edition
by Bonvillain,
All Chapters (1-13) | Expert Verified Answers| Grade A+
1|Page
,TESTBANKS BY TESTBANKSPRO
Answers at the End of Each Chapter
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter students should be able to:
1. Explain the concept of a speech community.
2. Explain the goals and methodologies of ethnolinguists.
3. Explain the goals and methodologies of sociolinguists.
4. Describe the similarities and differences between ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic
approaches to communicative behavior.
5. Define discourse and understand its importance in the study of interaction.
6. Explain what language ideologies are and how they are connected to language use.
Chapter Overview
This chapter introduces the student to the basic connections between language, identity, and
ideology as well as some methodologies to explore these connections. The chapter begins by
describing the difference between situational, social, and cultural meanings, as well as stressing the
importance of context and cultural models on communicative behavior. Next, the author introduces
the student to the ideas of speech community and speech network, noting the differences between
the two notions and how both affect language use. The different levels of linguistic pressures and
control in dense and weak social networks are also addressed. Following this, students are
presented with the basic assumptions, goals, and methodologies involved in ethnolinguistics,
sociolinguistics and language variation studies, discourse analysis, and critical discourse analysis.
Finally, the chapter defines language ideologies and gives basic background information about the
dissemination and effects of language ideologies.
Technical Terms: anthropologist, Critical Discourse Analysis, cultural meanings, cultural model,
discourse, discourse analysis, ethnographic, ethnography of communication, ethnolinguist,
ethnolinguistic approach, language ideologies, linguist, linguistic variation, situational meanings,
social meanings, sociolinguistic approach, sociolinguistics, speech community, speech network
Chapter Outline
I. Introduction
• Speech Communities
• Ethnolinguistics
2|Page
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• Sociolinguistics
• Discourse
• Language Ideologies
II. Plan of the Book
Discussion Questions
1. Labov states that members of speech communities have shared language norms and
attitudes. Has a member of your speech community ever corrected your language use, or have you
ever corrected someone else? What do these corrections reveal about the norms and attitudes of
your speech community?
2. Which variables in your own speech are tied to certain aspects of your identity? For
example, are there any things you say (or ways that you say them) that connect to your
geographical region, gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, political orientation,
profession, etc.?
3. Do you think your speech changes based on the situation—what you are doing, where you
are, or who you are with? Does it remain the same? If it does change, in what ways does it vary?
4. Brainstorm some things that people “should” and “should not” do with language. What do
the ideas generated in the brainstorming session reveal about the language ideologies of the class
or the larger community?
Research Questions
1. Observe coworkers communicating at work. Write down any specialized terms you hear the
employees use. Write an essay in which you describe the jargon used in that workplace setting and
reflect upon the social meanings of those terms.
2. Linguist Penelope Eckert has posited that there are three waves of variation studies in
sociolinguistics. Read her article on this subject and write an essay which compares and contrasts
the three approaches to linguistic variation that she describes.
3. Choose a social factor that affects language use—gender, race, age, socioeconomic class,
etc.—and investigate studies that examine that factor. Write a review of the literature you find that
discusses the linguistic effects of that particular social factor.
Other Readings:
Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes (Eds.). 1986. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of
Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundations of Socio-Linguistics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Speech Communities and Social Networks
3|Page
, TESTBANKS BY TESTBANKSPRO
Hymes, Dell. 1986. Models of interaction of language and social life. In Directions in Sociolinguistics:
The Ethnography of Communication, ed. J. Gumperz and D. Hymes. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
Labov, William. 1966. The survey of the Lower East Side. Ch. 6, The Social Stratification of English in
New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 154-204.
Labov, William. 1972. The linguistic consequences of being a lame. Ch. 7, Language in the Inner City:
Studies in Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 255-292.
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Milroy, Leslie. 1980. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.
Milroy, Leslie. 2002. Social networks. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ed. J. K.
Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 549-571.
Milroy, Leslie and James Milroy. 1992. Social network and social class: Toward an integrated
sociolinguistic model. Language in Society 21:1-26
Patrick, Peter. 2002. The speech community. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change,
ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes. Oxford: Blackwell
Ethnolinguistics
Hymes, Dell. 1980. Language in Education: Ethnolinguistic Essays. Language and Ethnography
Series, 1. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Sociolinguistic Variation
Eckert, Penelope. 2002. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of
Identity in Belten High. Oxford: Blackwell.
Eckert, Penelope and John R. Rickford (Eds.). 2001. Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Labov, William (Ed.). 1980. Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press.
Lucas, Ceil, Robert Bayley, and Clayton Valli. 2001. Sociolinguistic Variation in American Sign
Language. Wasihngton, DC: Galludet University Press.
Zhang, Qing. 2005. A Chinese yuppie in Beijing: Phonological variation and the construction of a
new professional identity. Language in Society 32: 431-466.
Discourse Analysis
Fairclough, Norman. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gee, James. 2011. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. New York: Routledge.
4|Page
