NSG-300 Exam questions well
answered and graded 100%
hypoventilation - ANS✅✅decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
Causes excessive CO2 retention= respiratory acidosis & respiratory arrest
S/S: mental status change, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrect, convulsions, unconsciousness, death
hyperventilation - ANS✅✅increased rate and depth of breathing
Causes: severe anxiety, infection, drugs, acid-base imbalance
S/S: rapid respirations, sighing breaths, numbness/tingling of extremities, light-headedness, LOC
hypoxia - ANS✅✅lack of oxygen at the cellular level
-check HgB levels
hypoxia cause - ANS✅✅-decreased hemoglobin and lowered oxygen- carrying capacity of the
blood;
-diminished concentration of inspired oxygen (high-altitude);
-inability of tissues to extract oxygen from the blood (cyanide poisoning);
-decreased diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to the blood (pneumonia);
poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood (shock)
-impaired ventilated (chest trauma)
early signs of hypoxia - ANS✅✅Restlessness
Agitation
Tachycardia
-inc BP and RR
late signs of hypoxia - ANS✅✅Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea
,-dec RR
cyanosis - ANS✅✅bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
NOT a reliable sign of hypoxia
central cyanosis - ANS✅✅observed on tongue, soft palate, conjunctiva.
peripheral cyanosis - ANS✅✅seen in extremities, nail beds, earlobes (vasoconstriction)
what influences the capacity of blood to carry O2 - ANS✅✅1. amount of dissolved O2 in plasma
2. amount of HgB
3. ability of HgB to bind with O2
tidal volume - ANS✅✅Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
what affects tidal volume - ANS✅✅Pregnancy, obesity, exercise, obstructive/restrictive lungs,
conditions of lungs
inspiration - ANS✅✅active process of breathing oxygen in; stimulated by chemical receptors in the
aorta
expiration - ANS✅✅passive process of breathing out; depends on elastic recoil properties of the
lungs
surfactant - ANS✅✅chemical produced in lugs to maintain surface tension/to keep alveoli from
collapsing
pathophysiology of COPD - ANS✅✅Scar tissue in the parenchyma decreases elastic recoil of lungs
and thorax (compliance) which inc work of breathing
compliance - ANS✅✅ability of the lungs to expand in response to increased interalveolar pressure
-dec with pulmonary edema, interstitial & pleural fibrosis, congenital/traumatic structural
abnormalities like kyphosis or fractured ribs
, accessory muscles - ANS✅✅increase lung volume during inspiration. overuse causes noneffective
ventilation and fatigue
airway resistance - ANS✅✅the increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airways
decreases from mouth/nose to alveoli.
what are some factors that block the airway and prevent gas exchange - ANS✅✅asthma, flu,
covid, mucus, atelectasis (risk inc. w/ immobility)
diffusion (pulmonary circulation) - ANS✅✅process of exchanging respiratory gases in the alveoli of
the lungs and capillaries in body tissues
what affects the rate of diffusion - ANS✅✅-thickness of membrane (slow gas exchange-> dec
delivery of O2)
-pulmonary edema
-pulmonary infiltrates
-pulmonary effusion
what alters the alveolar capillary surface area - ANS✅✅chronic diseases
process of oxygenation (pulmonary) - ANS✅✅ventilation, diffusion, perfusion
ventilation - ANS✅✅movement of gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion - ANS✅✅The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the
tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
diffusion - ANS✅✅Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
client experiencing altered respiratory function and altered tissue perfusion (Interventions) -
ANS✅✅-Health promotion: vaccinations, healthy lifestyle, avoiding exposure to environmental
pollutants
answered and graded 100%
hypoventilation - ANS✅✅decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
Causes excessive CO2 retention= respiratory acidosis & respiratory arrest
S/S: mental status change, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrect, convulsions, unconsciousness, death
hyperventilation - ANS✅✅increased rate and depth of breathing
Causes: severe anxiety, infection, drugs, acid-base imbalance
S/S: rapid respirations, sighing breaths, numbness/tingling of extremities, light-headedness, LOC
hypoxia - ANS✅✅lack of oxygen at the cellular level
-check HgB levels
hypoxia cause - ANS✅✅-decreased hemoglobin and lowered oxygen- carrying capacity of the
blood;
-diminished concentration of inspired oxygen (high-altitude);
-inability of tissues to extract oxygen from the blood (cyanide poisoning);
-decreased diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to the blood (pneumonia);
poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood (shock)
-impaired ventilated (chest trauma)
early signs of hypoxia - ANS✅✅Restlessness
Agitation
Tachycardia
-inc BP and RR
late signs of hypoxia - ANS✅✅Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea
,-dec RR
cyanosis - ANS✅✅bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
NOT a reliable sign of hypoxia
central cyanosis - ANS✅✅observed on tongue, soft palate, conjunctiva.
peripheral cyanosis - ANS✅✅seen in extremities, nail beds, earlobes (vasoconstriction)
what influences the capacity of blood to carry O2 - ANS✅✅1. amount of dissolved O2 in plasma
2. amount of HgB
3. ability of HgB to bind with O2
tidal volume - ANS✅✅Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
what affects tidal volume - ANS✅✅Pregnancy, obesity, exercise, obstructive/restrictive lungs,
conditions of lungs
inspiration - ANS✅✅active process of breathing oxygen in; stimulated by chemical receptors in the
aorta
expiration - ANS✅✅passive process of breathing out; depends on elastic recoil properties of the
lungs
surfactant - ANS✅✅chemical produced in lugs to maintain surface tension/to keep alveoli from
collapsing
pathophysiology of COPD - ANS✅✅Scar tissue in the parenchyma decreases elastic recoil of lungs
and thorax (compliance) which inc work of breathing
compliance - ANS✅✅ability of the lungs to expand in response to increased interalveolar pressure
-dec with pulmonary edema, interstitial & pleural fibrosis, congenital/traumatic structural
abnormalities like kyphosis or fractured ribs
, accessory muscles - ANS✅✅increase lung volume during inspiration. overuse causes noneffective
ventilation and fatigue
airway resistance - ANS✅✅the increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airways
decreases from mouth/nose to alveoli.
what are some factors that block the airway and prevent gas exchange - ANS✅✅asthma, flu,
covid, mucus, atelectasis (risk inc. w/ immobility)
diffusion (pulmonary circulation) - ANS✅✅process of exchanging respiratory gases in the alveoli of
the lungs and capillaries in body tissues
what affects the rate of diffusion - ANS✅✅-thickness of membrane (slow gas exchange-> dec
delivery of O2)
-pulmonary edema
-pulmonary infiltrates
-pulmonary effusion
what alters the alveolar capillary surface area - ANS✅✅chronic diseases
process of oxygenation (pulmonary) - ANS✅✅ventilation, diffusion, perfusion
ventilation - ANS✅✅movement of gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion - ANS✅✅The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the
tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
diffusion - ANS✅✅Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
client experiencing altered respiratory function and altered tissue perfusion (Interventions) -
ANS✅✅-Health promotion: vaccinations, healthy lifestyle, avoiding exposure to environmental
pollutants
