Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1 LATEST VERSIONS 185 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
Nucleus - (answer)DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all genetic material.
Ribosomes - (answer)Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria - (answer)Produces ATP. This structure generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Cells
power plant. The more a cell needs energy the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this
than the eyes, bones, or skin.
Golgi apparatus - (answer)Responsible for packaging and distribution. Processes and packages proteins
for delivery. Shipping and receiving center. Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER.
Modified with sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends them on their way.
Lysosome - (answer)Degrades and recycles waste. Contains digestive enzymes. Does this with hydrolase
enzymes
Peroxisome - (answer)Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free Radicals. Can detoxify compounds
and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they break things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen
peroxide). Digest and breakdown organic molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
Free Radical - (answer)Any molecular species capable of independent existence that contains a single
unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the
molecule becomes stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron from another molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - (answer)Chemically reactive molecules from molecular oxygen formed
as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
Damage by free radicals/ROS - (answer)When excessive ROSs overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant
systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very large excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess
of ROS can cause apoptosis.
,Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1 LATEST VERSIONS 185 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty acid, alterations of
proteins, and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? - (answer)Lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? - (answer)To keep the ICF and ECF separate, structure, protection,
activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-cell interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? - (answer)The osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to
equalize and therefore provides a measure of body fluid concentration and thus the body's hydration
status.
What do proteins do for the cell? - (answer)Proteins act as
Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and
specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides;
Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain ions, particularly
potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of other ions, for example sodium (Na+),
below concentrations found in the extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates), that identify a cell to
its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook together and form attachments to
the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? - (answer)55% the cell membrane is made up of
protein
, Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1 LATEST VERSIONS 185 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is a protein? - (answer)A protein is made from a chain of amino acids, known as polypeptides.
There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino
acids. Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
Tight Junctions - (answer)Impermeable. Help cells move together and don't allow things in -they help
conduct force- like pumping the heart; and moving hard stool. Tight junctions are barriers to diffusion,
preventing the movement of substances through transport proteins in the plasma membranes of
adjacent cells.
Gap Junctions - (answer)Allow for conductivity to synchronize contractions of heart muscles through
ionic coupling. Channels that allow for conductivity - like the heart and nerve cells. Gap junctions are
clusters of communicating tunnels or connexons that allow small ions and molecules to pass directly
from the inside of one cell to the inside of another.
Desmosomes - (answer)Hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts of epithelial sheets or
button-like points of contact. Also act as a system of braces to maintain structural integrity.
Oxidative phosphorylation - (answer)AKA: Cellular respiration and Glycolysis. Occurs in the mitochondria
and is the mechanism in which energy is produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this
energy is transferred to ATP. When 1 mole of glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of
oxygen into CO2 and water - 686 Kilocalories of energy are released- in a test tube it is expressed as
heat. Active transport. Kerbs cycle.
Main cation in ICF - (answer)Potassium
Main cation in ECF - (answer)Sodium
What charge is inside the cell? - (answer)Negative
What charge is outside the cell? - (answer)Positive
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
Nucleus - (answer)DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all genetic material.
Ribosomes - (answer)Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria - (answer)Produces ATP. This structure generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Cells
power plant. The more a cell needs energy the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this
than the eyes, bones, or skin.
Golgi apparatus - (answer)Responsible for packaging and distribution. Processes and packages proteins
for delivery. Shipping and receiving center. Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER.
Modified with sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends them on their way.
Lysosome - (answer)Degrades and recycles waste. Contains digestive enzymes. Does this with hydrolase
enzymes
Peroxisome - (answer)Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free Radicals. Can detoxify compounds
and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they break things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen
peroxide). Digest and breakdown organic molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
Free Radical - (answer)Any molecular species capable of independent existence that contains a single
unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the
molecule becomes stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron from another molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - (answer)Chemically reactive molecules from molecular oxygen formed
as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
Damage by free radicals/ROS - (answer)When excessive ROSs overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant
systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very large excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess
of ROS can cause apoptosis.
,Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1 LATEST VERSIONS 185 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty acid, alterations of
proteins, and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? - (answer)Lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? - (answer)To keep the ICF and ECF separate, structure, protection,
activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-cell interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? - (answer)The osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to
equalize and therefore provides a measure of body fluid concentration and thus the body's hydration
status.
What do proteins do for the cell? - (answer)Proteins act as
Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and
specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides;
Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain ions, particularly
potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of other ions, for example sodium (Na+),
below concentrations found in the extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates), that identify a cell to
its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook together and form attachments to
the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? - (answer)55% the cell membrane is made up of
protein
, Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1 LATEST VERSIONS 185 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is a protein? - (answer)A protein is made from a chain of amino acids, known as polypeptides.
There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino
acids. Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
Tight Junctions - (answer)Impermeable. Help cells move together and don't allow things in -they help
conduct force- like pumping the heart; and moving hard stool. Tight junctions are barriers to diffusion,
preventing the movement of substances through transport proteins in the plasma membranes of
adjacent cells.
Gap Junctions - (answer)Allow for conductivity to synchronize contractions of heart muscles through
ionic coupling. Channels that allow for conductivity - like the heart and nerve cells. Gap junctions are
clusters of communicating tunnels or connexons that allow small ions and molecules to pass directly
from the inside of one cell to the inside of another.
Desmosomes - (answer)Hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts of epithelial sheets or
button-like points of contact. Also act as a system of braces to maintain structural integrity.
Oxidative phosphorylation - (answer)AKA: Cellular respiration and Glycolysis. Occurs in the mitochondria
and is the mechanism in which energy is produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this
energy is transferred to ATP. When 1 mole of glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of
oxygen into CO2 and water - 686 Kilocalories of energy are released- in a test tube it is expressed as
heat. Active transport. Kerbs cycle.
Main cation in ICF - (answer)Potassium
Main cation in ECF - (answer)Sodium
What charge is inside the cell? - (answer)Negative
What charge is outside the cell? - (answer)Positive
