ESP Fetal Echo Book Starred 2025-2026
Question and Correct answer GRADED A+
What is the most common congenital disorder in newborns? - ANSWERScongenital heart disease
What percent of CHD is isolated? - ANSWERS70%
70-80% of CHD have what causes? - ANSWERSmultifactorial
What are the CHDs most commonly associated with abnormal chromosomes? - ANSWERSAVSD + VSD
TOF / DORV
What are the CHDs least likely associated with abnormal chromosomes? - ANSWERSTGA (cc-TGA/c-TGA)
Heterotaxy
What CHDs are most likely associated with NON-cardiac abnormalities? - ANSWERSTOF
Coarctation
Pulmonary stenosis
What defects are associated with Digeorge (22q11)? - ANSWERSConotruncal + VSD
What defects are associated with Noonan and TTTS? - ANSWERSHypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary Stenosis
What defects are associated with William Syndrome? - ANSWERSVSD
Aortic Stenosis
,Pulmonary Stenosis
What defects are associated with Patau Syndrome (T13)? - ANSWERSHLHS
Coarctation
VSD, ASD
What defects are associated with Edward Syndrome (T18)? - ANSWERSVSD, ASD
TOF, DORV
Coarctation
What defects are associated with T21? - ANSWERSAVSD + TOF
VSD ASD
What defects are associated with Turner Syndrome (45X)? - ANSWERSCoarctation + AO Stenosis + HLHS
Bicuspid AV
What defects are associated with Holt-Oram Syndrome? - ANSWERSASD!!
VSD
What CHD is associated with indomethacin use? - ANSWERSpremature closure of the ductus arteriosus
What CHD is associated with lithium use? - ANSWERSebstein anomaly
Which direction does the normal heart tube bend? - ANSWERSTo the RIGHT
The foramen ovale is developed from the - ANSWERSseptum secundum
Where do the AV and SA node develop? - ANSWERSright atrium
, In which stage of embryology does an AVSD develop? - ANSWERSstage III
In which stage of embryology does TA develop? - ANSWERSstage IV
What does the truncus arteriosus divide into? - ANSWERSaorta and pulmonary trunk
What does the 3rd pair of aortic arches become? - ANSWERScarotids
What does the 4th pair of aortic arches become? - ANSWERSleft = aortic arch
right = proximal right subclavian
What does the 6th pair of aortic arches become? - ANSWERSleft = left PA and DA
right = right PA
What does the right vitelline vein become? - ANSWERSIVC
If the left cardinal vein persists, what does it become? - ANSWERSPLSVC
Tissue migration abnormalities affect the number, size or location of the - ANSWERSgreat vessels
What are types of tissue migration abnormalities? - ANSWERSTA
TOF
TGA (c-TGA)
DORV
VSD
What are types of abnormal intracardiac blood flow abnormalities? - ANSWERSStenosis and atresia of
AO and PA
Hypoplastic left and right heart
Question and Correct answer GRADED A+
What is the most common congenital disorder in newborns? - ANSWERScongenital heart disease
What percent of CHD is isolated? - ANSWERS70%
70-80% of CHD have what causes? - ANSWERSmultifactorial
What are the CHDs most commonly associated with abnormal chromosomes? - ANSWERSAVSD + VSD
TOF / DORV
What are the CHDs least likely associated with abnormal chromosomes? - ANSWERSTGA (cc-TGA/c-TGA)
Heterotaxy
What CHDs are most likely associated with NON-cardiac abnormalities? - ANSWERSTOF
Coarctation
Pulmonary stenosis
What defects are associated with Digeorge (22q11)? - ANSWERSConotruncal + VSD
What defects are associated with Noonan and TTTS? - ANSWERSHypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary Stenosis
What defects are associated with William Syndrome? - ANSWERSVSD
Aortic Stenosis
,Pulmonary Stenosis
What defects are associated with Patau Syndrome (T13)? - ANSWERSHLHS
Coarctation
VSD, ASD
What defects are associated with Edward Syndrome (T18)? - ANSWERSVSD, ASD
TOF, DORV
Coarctation
What defects are associated with T21? - ANSWERSAVSD + TOF
VSD ASD
What defects are associated with Turner Syndrome (45X)? - ANSWERSCoarctation + AO Stenosis + HLHS
Bicuspid AV
What defects are associated with Holt-Oram Syndrome? - ANSWERSASD!!
VSD
What CHD is associated with indomethacin use? - ANSWERSpremature closure of the ductus arteriosus
What CHD is associated with lithium use? - ANSWERSebstein anomaly
Which direction does the normal heart tube bend? - ANSWERSTo the RIGHT
The foramen ovale is developed from the - ANSWERSseptum secundum
Where do the AV and SA node develop? - ANSWERSright atrium
, In which stage of embryology does an AVSD develop? - ANSWERSstage III
In which stage of embryology does TA develop? - ANSWERSstage IV
What does the truncus arteriosus divide into? - ANSWERSaorta and pulmonary trunk
What does the 3rd pair of aortic arches become? - ANSWERScarotids
What does the 4th pair of aortic arches become? - ANSWERSleft = aortic arch
right = proximal right subclavian
What does the 6th pair of aortic arches become? - ANSWERSleft = left PA and DA
right = right PA
What does the right vitelline vein become? - ANSWERSIVC
If the left cardinal vein persists, what does it become? - ANSWERSPLSVC
Tissue migration abnormalities affect the number, size or location of the - ANSWERSgreat vessels
What are types of tissue migration abnormalities? - ANSWERSTA
TOF
TGA (c-TGA)
DORV
VSD
What are types of abnormal intracardiac blood flow abnormalities? - ANSWERSStenosis and atresia of
AO and PA
Hypoplastic left and right heart
