SOLUTION MANUAL American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change 12th Edition by CalJillson, All Chapters 1-16

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SOLUTIONMANUAL
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American Government:Political
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Development and Institutional Change
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12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
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2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
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3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
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4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
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5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
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6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
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7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
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8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
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9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
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10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
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11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
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12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
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13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
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14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
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15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
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16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
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Chapter 1 v




THEORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICALPRINCIPLES
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FOCUSQUESTIONS
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Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
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A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster human
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vexcellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans v v v v v v v v v v v




vbelieved the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
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vequality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule oflaw to
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vprovide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was largely used to
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facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to live a proper life in
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the service of God. The role of government changed in the early sixteenth century by
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downplaying the role of religion while alternatively promoting the role of limited
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government to protect private property and individual rights.
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Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
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A2 According to Plato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would promote order,
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stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle takes a more realistic view of Athenian society by
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advocating the best form of government as a polity, which combined oligarchic and
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democratic elements to produce political stability. The Romans combined monarchical,
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aristocratic, and democratic principles as a mixed government within representative
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bodies like the Senate and the Assembly in order to champion the causes of both the
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rich and the poor. Government in theMiddle Ages was determined through divine
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right, wherebya monarch or Pope was ordained by God to rule. Hence, wisdom and
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virtue rested within these few individuals who governed to promote religious life and
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protect the religious establishment. The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and
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Enlightenment Periods shifted the role of government from upholding religious
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doctrine to secular concerns, such as protecting inalienable rights, including private
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property, and promoting commerce. In turn, Enlightenment political
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© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as ameans v v v v v v v v v v




vto provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
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Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history ofancient
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Greece and Rome?
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A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good government
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vwould decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions of the masses needed to be quelled
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vby more aristocratic elements. With this problem in mind, the Framers ofthe U.S.
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vConstitution referenced the institutional design of the Roman republic adhered to the v v v v v v v v v v v




tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle and the Romans. This
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was maintained in the indirect selection of both the Senateand the presidency within
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the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated mixing aristocratic and democratic
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v elements in a governing structure called a polity. In effect, this governmental design
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vallowed the few and the many to participate in the politics providing an orderly
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vsociety where the poor should be able to select government officials who were held
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vaccountable. This was also made manifest inthe Constitution with its aristocratic-like v v v v v v v v v v




vSenate and the more democratic House of Representatives. Thus the American
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vrepublic’s Constitution established institutional powers to govern according to the
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vrule of law. While the Framers rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages,
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vthey appealed to inalienable rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the
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vwritings of John Locke, in which a just government and society could not be impeded.
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Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands to settle in America?
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A4 Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and civil unrest
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after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic opportunities. Colonists
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enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large geographical area where
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freedom of religion and economic opportunity flourished. Also, their heterogeneous
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social composition as well as continual promotion of ideals, such as equality and
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tolerance, tended to promote political freedom at the same time that social expansion
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of the population was occurring.
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Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
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A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governing
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vauthority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who should
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vrule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed that the elite (well-
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veducated, land owners) should occupy positions of leadership. Thus, an aristocratic
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velement within government was necessary to protect against thethreat of mob rule
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vhistorically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, the idea of republicanism v v v v v v v v




vwas promoted as an ideal at a higher level than democracy. This was made most
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manifest in the tendency to prefer mixed
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© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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