K101 Ch. 1-3 Test Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update

K101 Ch. 1-3 Test Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update Biology - Answers The scientific study of life, encompassing all living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environments. Characteristics of Life - Answers Order; Regulation; Growth & Development; Energy Processing; Reproduction; Response to the Environment; Evolutionary Adaptation. Emergent Properties - Answers Characteristics that arise at higher levels of organization that are not present at lower levels, due to interactions between the parts. Levels of Biological Organization - Answers Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere. Evolution (descent with modification) - Answers Change in the heritable features of populations over generations; explains both the unity and diversity of life. Natural Selection - Answers Process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring; due to variation, overproduction, and competition. Hypothesis vs. Theory vs. Law - Answers Hypothesis = a testable explanation; Theory = broader explanation supported by much evidence; Law = statement about an observed phenomenon. Scientific Method / Inquiry - Answers Steps: Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Prediction → Experiment / Data Collection → Analysis → Conclusion → Peer Review / Replication. Domain: Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya - Answers The three major domains of life. Bacteria & Archaea are prokaryotic; Eukarya has eukaryotic cells (nucleus, organelles). Prokaryotic Cell vs. Eukaryotic Cell - Answers Prokaryotes: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; Eukaryotes: have nucleus, organelles; generally larger and more complex. Gene / Genome / Gene Expression - Answers Gene = DNA segment encoding a functional product; Genome = all hereditary info in an organism; Gene Expression = process by which info from a gene makes protein or functional RNA. Matter / Element / Compound / Molecule - Answers Matter = anything that has mass and takes up space; Element = substance made of one type of atom; Compound = two or more elements in fixed ratio; Molecule = two or more atoms bonded together. Atoms: Protons / Neutrons / Electrons - Answers Protons = positively charged, in nucleus; Neutrons = neutral, in nucleus; Electrons = negatively charged, in orbital / electron cloud. Atomic number = #protons; atomic mass = protons + neutrons. Isotopes - Answers Variants of an element differing in number of neutrons; same atomic number, different mass; some are stable, some radioactive. Valence Electrons - Answers Electrons in the outermost electron shell; they determine how atoms interact or bond. Octet Rule - Answers Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have a full valence shell (typically 8 electrons for many atoms) for stability (except hydrogen/helium). Covalent Bond (polar vs nonpolar) - Answers Covalent = pair of electrons shared between two atoms. Nonpolar = electrons shared equally. Polar = electrons shared unequally, creating partial charges. Ionic Bond - Answers Formed when one atom transfers electrons to another, creating ions (cation & anion) that attract each other. Electronegativity - Answers Measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond. High electronegativity → pulls electrons toward itself. Hydrogen Bond - Answers Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bou