NSG 318 EXAM 2 | PHARMACOLOGY EXAM | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100% CORRECT

NSG 318 EXAM 2 | PHARMACOLOGY EXAM | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100% CORRECT superficial pain - ANSWER -Pain that originates from the skin or mucous membranes deep pain - ANSWER -pain that occurs in tissues below skin level somatic pain - ANSWER -Pain that originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints. visceral pain - ANSWER -pain that originates from organs or smooth muscles cluster headaches - ANSWER --severe unilateral, nonthrobbing pain -located around eye -series of cluster attacks -more common in males migraine headaches - ANSWER --unilateral throbbing head pain, accompanied by nausea, vomiting and photophobia -triggers: cheese, chocolate, red wine, aspartame, fatigue, stress, monosodium glutamate, missed meals, odors, light, hormone changes, drugs, weather, sleep Migraine and Cluster Headaches Prevention: - ANSWER -Beta-adrenergic Blockers: -propranolol -atenolol Anticonvulsants: -valproic acid -gabapentin Tricyclic antidepressants: -amitriptyline -imipramine function of adrenergics - ANSWER --dilates pupils -dilate bronchioles -inc HR -vasoconstriction -relax GI -relax bladder -relax uterus sympathomimetic - ANSWER -agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system Parasympatholytic - ANSWER -agent blocking or inhibiting the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system alpha 1 receptors - ANSWER --inc cardiac contractility; vasoconstriction (inc BP) -dilates pupils, dec salivary gland secretion -inc bladder and prostate cx alpha 2 receptors - ANSWER --inhibits NE release (promotes vasodilation and dec BP) -dec GI motility and tone beta 1 receptors - ANSWER --inc cardiac contractility, HR -inc renin secretion and BP beta 2 receptors - ANSWER --dec GI tone and motility -bronchodilation -inc blood flow in skeletal muscles -relaxes smooth muscles of uterus -activates liver glycogenolysis (inc blood glucose) Direct acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -directly activates adrenergic receptor (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) indirect acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -stimulates release of NE from terminal nerve endings (amphetamine) mixed acting adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -stimulates adrenergic receptor sites and stimulates release of NE from terminal nerve endings (ephedrine) adrenergic agonists - ANSWER -Catecholamines: produce sympathetic response - endogenous (epinephrine, NE, dopamine) -synthetic (isoproterenol, dobutamine) Noncatecholamines: stimulate adrenergic receptors. most have longer duration of action than endogenous and synthetic (phenylephrine, metaproterneol, albuterol) Epinephrine - ANSWER --CLASSIFICATION: adrenergic agonist -USES: anaphylaxis, bronchospasms, status asthmaticus, cardiac arrest -ACTION: Alpha1 inc BP, Beta1 inc HR, Beta2 promotes bronchodilation -CONTRAINDICATIONS: cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, DM, pregnancy -SIDE/ADVERSE EFFECTS: cardiac (palpitation, tachycardia, hypertension), restlessness, hyperglycemia, dyspnea, tissue necrosis at IV site, vfib, PE -INTERACTIONS: beta blockers, digoxin, TCA and MAOIs -INTERVENTIONS: monitor IV site, monitor vitals and EKG, monitor I&Os and assess for bladder distention, avoid nausea and vomiting for pt, monitor blood glucose in pt with DM adrenergic antagonists - ANSWER -block effects of adrenergic neurotransmitter (block alpha and beta receptor sites) -alpha-adrenergic agonists and beta adrenergic agonists alpha1 blockers - ANSWER --vasodilation/dizziness -orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia -pupil constrict -suppress ejaculation -dec cx of smooth muscles in bladder, neck, and prostate beta1 blockers - ANSWER --dec cardiac contractility -dec pulse beta2 blockers - ANSWER --bronchoconstriction -cx uterus -inhibits glycogenolysis (leads to hypoglycemia) alpha adrenergic antagonists - ANSWER -drugs that inhibit a response at alpha adrenergic receptor site -selective (block alpha1) -nonselective (block alpha1 and alpha2) -action (promote vasodilation) -use (dec symptoms of BPH) albuterol - ANSWER --CLASSIFICATION: beta2 adrenergic agonist -USE: tx of asthma, prophylactic tx for asthma, tx of bronchospasms -ACTION: stimulates beta2 adrenergic receptors in lungs (relaxes bronchial smooth muscle) bronchodilation Beta-adrenergic agonists - ANSWER --dec BP and pulse -nonselective beta blockers blocks beta1: dec BP and pulse blocks beta2: bronchoconstriction, use with caution w pt with COPD or asthma