TEST BANK- A Concise Introduction to
Logic 14th Edition by Patrick Hurley
CHAPTER 1-14C| GUARANTEED PASS
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Page 1 of 956
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
1. Basic Concepts. Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments.
Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency.
Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition. Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and
Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniques
. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
3. Informal Fallacies. Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies
of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, an d Illicit Transference.
Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
4. Categorical Propositions. The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality,
Quantity,2and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square o f Opposition.
Exercise. Conversion,2Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square of
TB
Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating
Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms. Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams.
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Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number of Terms. Exercise. Ordinary
Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
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6. Propositional Logic. Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth
Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Arguments. Exercise. Indirect Truth Tables.
Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic. Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of
Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement II. Exercise.
Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
8. Predicate Logic. Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise.
Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional and Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Invalidity.
Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning. Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral
Reasoning. Exercise.
10. Causality and Mill's Methods. "Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five
Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
11. Probability. Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
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,12. Statistical Reasoning. Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion.
Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning. The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four
Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses.
Exercise.
14. Science and Superstition. Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary
Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise. Answers to Selected Exercises.
Chapter 1 Test A
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from
nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago
TB
a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity
considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
er
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
CORRECT ANSWER: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
blood pressure (which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in
adults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces
calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the
ability to think and recall information. Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
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, c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
CORRECT ANSWER: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
choose the proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that
extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical
wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to
follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
TB
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
Ac
CORRECT ANSWER: E PTS: 2
er
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
income tax and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing
the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases
the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not
correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
CORRECT ANSWER: A PTS: 2
Page 4 of 956
Logic 14th Edition by Patrick Hurley
CHAPTER 1-14C| GUARANTEED PASS
TB
Ac
er
Page 1 of 956
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
1. Basic Concepts. Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments.
Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency.
Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition. Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and
Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniques
. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
3. Informal Fallacies. Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies
of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, an d Illicit Transference.
Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
4. Categorical Propositions. The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality,
Quantity,2and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square o f Opposition.
Exercise. Conversion,2Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square of
TB
Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating
Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms. Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams.
Ac
Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number of Terms. Exercise. Ordinary
Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
er
6. Propositional Logic. Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth
Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Arguments. Exercise. Indirect Truth Tables.
Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic. Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of
Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement II. Exercise.
Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
8. Predicate Logic. Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise.
Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional and Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Invalidity.
Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning. Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral
Reasoning. Exercise.
10. Causality and Mill's Methods. "Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five
Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
11. Probability. Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
Page 2 of 956
,12. Statistical Reasoning. Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion.
Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning. The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four
Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses.
Exercise.
14. Science and Superstition. Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary
Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise. Answers to Selected Exercises.
Chapter 1 Test A
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from
nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago
TB
a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity
considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
Ac
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
er
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
CORRECT ANSWER: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
blood pressure (which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in
adults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces
calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the
ability to think and recall information. Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
Page 3 of 956
, c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
CORRECT ANSWER: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
choose the proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that
extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical
wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to
follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
TB
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
Ac
CORRECT ANSWER: E PTS: 2
er
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
income tax and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing
the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases
the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not
correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
CORRECT ANSWER: A PTS: 2
Page 4 of 956
