lOMoARcPSD|26582732
lOMoARcPSD|26582732
NUR 213 CKD study guide 2025-
2026
Complex Health Concepts (Forsyth Technical Community
College)
Chronic Kidney Disease
Characteristics Onset
Gradual (months to years)
% of Nephron Involvement
Varies by stage
Generally symptomatic with 75% loss and dialysis with 90-95%
Duration
Progressive and permanent
Treatment and lifestyle can slow progression and delay onset of ESKD
Prognosis
Fatal without a renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation)
Reduced lifespan and potential for complex medical regimen even with optimal
treatment
Clients with kidney disease do not die from renal failure; they die from
cardiovascular arrest r/t the effect on myocardium, progressive heart failure, and
arrhythmias (hyperkalemia = hypoglycemia = dysrhythmias)
Chronic kidney disease clients with co-morbidly of diabetes are 5x more likely to
die (due to increased urea)
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, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
CKD
Characteristics
Progressive, irreversible kidney injury
Kidney function does not recover
Main Causes Leading to Dialysis
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Terminology
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
Azotemia
Uremia
Metallic taste in the mouth
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Muscle cramps
Uremic “frost” on skin
Itching
Fatigue and lethargy
Hiccups
Edema
Dyspnea
Paresthesias
Uremic syndrome (terminal - serious clinical manifestations of renal failure)
Urea nitrogen-containing compounds come from protein intake or broken down
from body
Stages of CKD Stage 1
GFR
> 90
Features
At risk
Normal kidney function
Presence of urine and structural abnormalities or genetic traits
Intervention
Screening Risk reduction Stage 2
GFR
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, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
60-89
Features
Mild CKD
Reduced kidney function
Abnormal lab values and diagnostics
Intervention
Risk reduction
Teaching
Manage fluid volume, BP, electrolytes, and other kidney-damaging
diseases by following prescribed drug and nutrition therapies can prevent and slow
progression to ESKD Stage 3
GFR
30-59
Features
Moderate CKD
Azotemia
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Intervention
Slow progression
Glycemic BP control
Stage 4
GFR
15-29
Features
Severe CKD
Severe azotemia
Fluid-electrolyte imbalance
Intervention
RRT
Manage complications
Stage 5
GFR
< 15
Features
ESKD
Severe fluid-electrolyte imbalance
Acid-base imbalance
Intervention
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
lOMoARcPSD|26582732
NUR 213 CKD study guide 2025-
2026
Complex Health Concepts (Forsyth Technical Community
College)
Chronic Kidney Disease
Characteristics Onset
Gradual (months to years)
% of Nephron Involvement
Varies by stage
Generally symptomatic with 75% loss and dialysis with 90-95%
Duration
Progressive and permanent
Treatment and lifestyle can slow progression and delay onset of ESKD
Prognosis
Fatal without a renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation)
Reduced lifespan and potential for complex medical regimen even with optimal
treatment
Clients with kidney disease do not die from renal failure; they die from
cardiovascular arrest r/t the effect on myocardium, progressive heart failure, and
arrhythmias (hyperkalemia = hypoglycemia = dysrhythmias)
Chronic kidney disease clients with co-morbidly of diabetes are 5x more likely to
die (due to increased urea)
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
CKD
Characteristics
Progressive, irreversible kidney injury
Kidney function does not recover
Main Causes Leading to Dialysis
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Terminology
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
Azotemia
Uremia
Metallic taste in the mouth
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Muscle cramps
Uremic “frost” on skin
Itching
Fatigue and lethargy
Hiccups
Edema
Dyspnea
Paresthesias
Uremic syndrome (terminal - serious clinical manifestations of renal failure)
Urea nitrogen-containing compounds come from protein intake or broken down
from body
Stages of CKD Stage 1
GFR
> 90
Features
At risk
Normal kidney function
Presence of urine and structural abnormalities or genetic traits
Intervention
Screening Risk reduction Stage 2
GFR
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
60-89
Features
Mild CKD
Reduced kidney function
Abnormal lab values and diagnostics
Intervention
Risk reduction
Teaching
Manage fluid volume, BP, electrolytes, and other kidney-damaging
diseases by following prescribed drug and nutrition therapies can prevent and slow
progression to ESKD Stage 3
GFR
30-59
Features
Moderate CKD
Azotemia
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Intervention
Slow progression
Glycemic BP control
Stage 4
GFR
15-29
Features
Severe CKD
Severe azotemia
Fluid-electrolyte imbalance
Intervention
RRT
Manage complications
Stage 5
GFR
< 15
Features
ESKD
Severe fluid-electrolyte imbalance
Acid-base imbalance
Intervention
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
