NURS 611 EXAM 3 PATHO ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES ALREADY
GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE
UNIVERSITY)
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which
type of regulation?
a.Negative feedback
c.Neural
b.Positive feedback
d.Physiologic - correct answer ✔✔c. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an
alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of
certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural
control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the
release of hormones. The remaining options do not accurately describe the example given.
What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a.Increased serum calcium levels
b.Decreased serum magnesium levels
c.Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d.Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone - correct answer ✔✔A. The overall effect of
parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to decrease serum phosphate
concentration. The other presented imbalances will not affect PTH in the described fashion.
How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
,a.Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b.Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c.Too little hormone production is initiated.
d.Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. - correct answer
✔✔D. Negative-feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic
ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic
conditions. Excessive hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the
system, can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions. The correct option is
the only accurate description of this hormonal function.
Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a.Thyroxine
c.Follicle-stimulating hormone
b.Aldosterone
d.Insulin - correct answer ✔✔D. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary,
hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. All the
remaining options are fat-soluble hormones.
Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
a.Cortisol
c.Epinephrine
b.Oxytocin
d.Growth hormone - correct answer ✔✔A
Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily bound to a carrier
or transport protein in circulation. The other options are water-soluble hormones.
Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a.Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b.Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
,c.Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d.Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry - correct answer ✔✔B
Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are
water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. The other options are not true statements
related to the transport of protein hormones.
when insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle
cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone?
a.Pharmacologic
c.Synergistic
b.Permissive
d.Direct - correct answer ✔✔D
Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result from the
stimulation by a particular hormone. The other options are not used to identify the described
effect.
8. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is
inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a.Positive feedback
c.Neural regulation
b.Negative feedback
d.Physiologic regulation - correct answer ✔✔B
Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative
feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus
negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary.
Secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and
triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus to
inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The described example is not accurately identified by any of the
other options.
, Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c.Inside the mitochondria
d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane - correct answer ✔✔A
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse
across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors. The other options
are not true statements.
10. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic receptor?
a.Calcium
b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c.Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - correct answer ✔✔D
Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the
inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-
receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase.
Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second
messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to
bind as described.
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate phospholipase C
through a G protein?
a.
Angiotensin II
c.
Estrogen
EXAM COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES ALREADY
GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE
UNIVERSITY)
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which
type of regulation?
a.Negative feedback
c.Neural
b.Positive feedback
d.Physiologic - correct answer ✔✔c. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an
alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of
certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural
control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the
release of hormones. The remaining options do not accurately describe the example given.
What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a.Increased serum calcium levels
b.Decreased serum magnesium levels
c.Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d.Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone - correct answer ✔✔A. The overall effect of
parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to decrease serum phosphate
concentration. The other presented imbalances will not affect PTH in the described fashion.
How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
,a.Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b.Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c.Too little hormone production is initiated.
d.Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. - correct answer
✔✔D. Negative-feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic
ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic
conditions. Excessive hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the
system, can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions. The correct option is
the only accurate description of this hormonal function.
Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a.Thyroxine
c.Follicle-stimulating hormone
b.Aldosterone
d.Insulin - correct answer ✔✔D. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary,
hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. All the
remaining options are fat-soluble hormones.
Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
a.Cortisol
c.Epinephrine
b.Oxytocin
d.Growth hormone - correct answer ✔✔A
Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily bound to a carrier
or transport protein in circulation. The other options are water-soluble hormones.
Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a.Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b.Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
,c.Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d.Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry - correct answer ✔✔B
Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are
water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. The other options are not true statements
related to the transport of protein hormones.
when insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle
cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone?
a.Pharmacologic
c.Synergistic
b.Permissive
d.Direct - correct answer ✔✔D
Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result from the
stimulation by a particular hormone. The other options are not used to identify the described
effect.
8. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is
inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a.Positive feedback
c.Neural regulation
b.Negative feedback
d.Physiologic regulation - correct answer ✔✔B
Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative
feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus
negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary.
Secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and
triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus to
inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The described example is not accurately identified by any of the
other options.
, Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c.Inside the mitochondria
d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane - correct answer ✔✔A
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse
across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors. The other options
are not true statements.
10. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic receptor?
a.Calcium
b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c.Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - correct answer ✔✔D
Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the
inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-
receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase.
Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second
messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to
bind as described.
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate phospholipase C
through a G protein?
a.
Angiotensin II
c.
Estrogen
