PSYCH 1X03 midterm Test Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update

PSYCH 1X03 midterm Test Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update theory - Answers collect a general set of ideas about the way the world works hypothesis - Answers form a testable statement guided by theories that make specific predictions about the relationship between variables research method - Answers they way the hypothesis will be tested collect data - Answers take measurements of the outcomes of the test analyze data - Answers Understand the data and discover trends or relationships between the variables report findings - Answers publish articles in scholarly journals revise theories - Answers incorporate new info into our understanding of the world experiments - Answers scientific tool to measure the affect of 1 variable on another independant variable - Answers variable manipulated by scientist dependant variable - Answers variable observed by scientist control group - Answers does not get manipulated by independent variable experimental group - Answers gets manipulated by independent variable within-subjects design - Answers manipulating the independent variable within each participant to minimize the effect of external variables on the dependent measure between-subjects design - Answers different participants are assigned to each of the conditions in the experiment cofounding variable - Answers factor the varies with an independent variable, making is hard to isolate the effect of the independent variable practice effect - Answers Improved performance over the course of an experiment due to becoming more experienced sample - Answers subset of the population you are examining population - Answers full group of individuals you're seeking to understand random sample - Answers choosing a set of subjects at random from the population being studied. reduces bias random assignment - Answers assigning randomly to the experimental or control group to avoid bias placebo effect - Answers person shows an effect to a treatment when no actual treatment was given blinding - Answers participants do not know which group or which treatment they are getting experimenter bias - Answers actions made by experimenter that give the results they hoped for double-blind study - Answers neither experimenter or participants know which group each participant belongs to histogram - Answers shows number of times groups of values appear in the data set (frequency) standard deviation - Answers average distance of each data point from the mean small - smaller spread large sd - larger spread inferential statistics - Answers use results from samples to make inferences about overall underlying populations T-Test - Answers considers each data point from both groups to calculate the probability that 2 samples were drawn from the same population p-value - Answers the probability calculated from the t-test greater than 5% - not significant less than 5% - significant statistically significant - Answers exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low type 1 error - Answers believing there's a difference when one does not exist type 2 error - Answers not seeing the difference when one does exist correlation - Answers strength of relationship between 2 variables (correlation is not causation) correlation coefficient - Answers number between -1 & 1 shows direction classical conditioning - Answers learning of a contingency between a signal & a later event US - Answers stimulus that automatically triggers a reflexive response ex. placing a lemon in a child mouth UR - Answers reflexive response that occurs after the unconditioned stimulus - occurs naturally CS - Answers paired with the US to produce a learned contingency ex. metronome sound -> CS placing food in dogs mouth -> US CR - Answers response that occurs after contingency of CS & CR is learned ex. salivating at the sound of a bell -> very similar to the UR but is now in response to a learned stimulus acquisition - Answers process where a contingency between CS & US is learned (early trials) extinction - Answers losing the CR when CS doesn't predict the US