2025 Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Answered
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - (answer)A
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF)
compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - (answer)A
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - (answer)C
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing
antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - (answer)B
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for
hyperkalemia?
,2025 Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Answered
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - (answer)C
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for
hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - (answer)B
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - (answer)D
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which
genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - (answer)B
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
,2025 Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Answered
d. Paternal translocation - (answer)C
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - (answer)B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and is preceded by the
formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex
(immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not
the specific activation factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of
other mediators of inflammation among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type involved in
phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V - (answer)C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways that converge
only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have on
inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - (answer)A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally antiinflammatory because
it results in the suppression of leukocyte function. Binding to H2 receptors does not cause activation,
acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory process.
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what fashion?
a. Synergistically
, 2025 Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Answered
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - (answer)C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many different cells and are
often present on the same cells and may act in an antagonistic fashion. For instance, neutrophils express
both types of receptors, with stimulation of H1 receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil
chemotaxis and H2 stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not act synergistically,
additively, or agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet
aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - (answer)D. Effects of NO on
inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, a response that is
local and short-lived, and by suppressing mast cell function, as well as platelet adhesion and
aggregation. NO does not increase capillary permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil chemotaxis
and platelet aggregation, or cause smooth muscle contraction and fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - (answer)D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released by virally infected cells in
response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-α and IFN-β induce the production of
antiviral proteins, thereby conferring protection on uninfected cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from
virally infected cells and attaches to a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance the efficiency of
developing an acquired immune response. IL-1 is a proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a critical role
in wound healing. TNF has several systemic effects but is not released from virally infected host cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
Pathophysiology Final Exam Answered
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - (answer)A
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF)
compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - (answer)A
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - (answer)C
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing
antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - (answer)B
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for
hyperkalemia?
,2025 Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Answered
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - (answer)C
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for
hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - (answer)B
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - (answer)D
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which
genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - (answer)B
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
,2025 Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Answered
d. Paternal translocation - (answer)C
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - (answer)B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and is preceded by the
formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex
(immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not
the specific activation factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of
other mediators of inflammation among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type involved in
phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V - (answer)C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways that converge
only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have on
inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - (answer)A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally antiinflammatory because
it results in the suppression of leukocyte function. Binding to H2 receptors does not cause activation,
acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory process.
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what fashion?
a. Synergistically
, 2025 Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced Pathophysiology Final, Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Answered
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - (answer)C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many different cells and are
often present on the same cells and may act in an antagonistic fashion. For instance, neutrophils express
both types of receptors, with stimulation of H1 receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil
chemotaxis and H2 stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not act synergistically,
additively, or agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet
aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - (answer)D. Effects of NO on
inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, a response that is
local and short-lived, and by suppressing mast cell function, as well as platelet adhesion and
aggregation. NO does not increase capillary permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil chemotaxis
and platelet aggregation, or cause smooth muscle contraction and fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - (answer)D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released by virally infected cells in
response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-α and IFN-β induce the production of
antiviral proteins, thereby conferring protection on uninfected cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from
virally infected cells and attaches to a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance the efficiency of
developing an acquired immune response. IL-1 is a proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a critical role
in wound healing. TNF has several systemic effects but is not released from virally infected host cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
