NURS 6030 - Patho - Exam 2 Revision
Questions with Complete Correct
Answers 2025\2026 Version.
- most numerous of the formed elements in the blood
- carry oxygen and CO2
- NO nucleus or organelles - no longer true cells
- BICONCAVE disc structure (large surface area; can flex to move within vessels_
- live 120 days - Answer describe the characteristics of RBCs
mean corpuscular volume = measures average volume / size of RBC (**if low microcytic**if high
macrocytic) - Answer what is the lab meaning of the erythrocyte indice MCV
mean corpuscular hemoglobin = measures amount/weight of Hb in the RBC - Answer what is
the lab meaning of the erythrocyte indice MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration = measures concentration % of Hb within a RBC -
Answer what is the lab meaning of the erythrocyte indice MCHC
-reduction in RBCs or amount of hemoglobin
- decrease in hemoglobin on CBC (classifications by causes or change in morphology)
--- cytic refers to cell size
--- chromic refers to hb content
--- anisocytosis - assuming various sizes
--- poikilocytosis - assuming various shapes - Answer what is the basic definition of anemia ?
what would you see on a CBC?
•General: fatigue, pallor
•Due to ↓ O2 carrying capacity
,•Respiratory
-↑RR, SOB
•Neurological
-Mainly with B12 deficiency
•GI
-Anorexia, nausea, vomiting (due to rbcs distribution away from gut when low) - Answer what
would you see in the person w/ anemia (what s/s of anemia and why do they occur?)
CV; Resp; Neuro; GI
post hemorrhagic anemia - Answer which type of anemia...
•From acute blood loss
•Manifestations depend on class of blood loss
-↓BP, CO, CVP
->2000 ml usually shock, lactic acidosis
- RBCs normal, just low number
•Compensatory mechanisms
-Fluids and electrolytes move into vascular system
hemolytic anemia - Answer which type of anemia...
•RBCs destroyed prematurely
-Congenital defects
•Hereditary spherocytosis (big spheres (balls); not biconcave; when get to spleen get damaged
easily - more common than sickle cell actually)
,•Autoimmune
•Drug reaction
•Damage by cardiac device
•Intravascular cell damage
-Spleen (graveyard of RBCs; lots of macrophageds there)
microcytic hypochromic anemia - Answer which type of anemia...
•RBCs small with reduced Hb
•Many associated conditions
-Disorder of iron metabolism
-Disorders of porphyrin & heme synthesis
-Disorders of globin synthesis
•Iron deficiency - most common anemia
-Affects poor, women (menstruating), children (cows milk has poor absorbable iron)
-Can lead to irreversible cognitive impairment (in children; adults should be able to
compensate)
macrocytic (megaloblastic) normochromic anemias - Answer which type of anemia...
•Large stem cells in marrow mature into large, thick RBCs with normal Hb
•Patho: deficiency of B12 or folate →defective DNA synthesis
-RNA production continues (cells produce Hb)
-Abnormal growth & development of nucleus and cytoplasm→ large odd-shaped cells
normocytic- normochromic anemias - Answer which type of anemia...
, •Chemotherapy, radiation
•Toxic chemicals
•Viral illness
•Idiopathic
•Bone marrow replaced with fat
aplastic anemia - Answer which type of anemia...
-Characterized by pancytopenia (everything is low!!!)
-Causes:
•Chemotherapy, radiation
•Toxic chemicals
•Viral illness
•Idiopathic
•Bone marrow replaced with fat
•S/S: Can rapidly lead to death from infection or bleeding
-Hypoxemia, pallor, weakness
-Bleeding, bruising, petechiae
-Infection
•Dx: CBC - anemia, granulocytes <500/µL, platelets < 20K (can spontaneously bleed), bone
marrow biopsy
•Rx: bone marrow transplant, peripheral stem cell transplant, immunosuppressive drugs
1. low ferritin, low transferritin %, high total iron binding capacity, low Hb, low MCV, low MCHC
2. •Causes of IDA
-Nutritional deficiency
•Parasitic infections and lead poisoning
-Blood loss
-Metabolic problems
Questions with Complete Correct
Answers 2025\2026 Version.
- most numerous of the formed elements in the blood
- carry oxygen and CO2
- NO nucleus or organelles - no longer true cells
- BICONCAVE disc structure (large surface area; can flex to move within vessels_
- live 120 days - Answer describe the characteristics of RBCs
mean corpuscular volume = measures average volume / size of RBC (**if low microcytic**if high
macrocytic) - Answer what is the lab meaning of the erythrocyte indice MCV
mean corpuscular hemoglobin = measures amount/weight of Hb in the RBC - Answer what is
the lab meaning of the erythrocyte indice MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration = measures concentration % of Hb within a RBC -
Answer what is the lab meaning of the erythrocyte indice MCHC
-reduction in RBCs or amount of hemoglobin
- decrease in hemoglobin on CBC (classifications by causes or change in morphology)
--- cytic refers to cell size
--- chromic refers to hb content
--- anisocytosis - assuming various sizes
--- poikilocytosis - assuming various shapes - Answer what is the basic definition of anemia ?
what would you see on a CBC?
•General: fatigue, pallor
•Due to ↓ O2 carrying capacity
,•Respiratory
-↑RR, SOB
•Neurological
-Mainly with B12 deficiency
•GI
-Anorexia, nausea, vomiting (due to rbcs distribution away from gut when low) - Answer what
would you see in the person w/ anemia (what s/s of anemia and why do they occur?)
CV; Resp; Neuro; GI
post hemorrhagic anemia - Answer which type of anemia...
•From acute blood loss
•Manifestations depend on class of blood loss
-↓BP, CO, CVP
->2000 ml usually shock, lactic acidosis
- RBCs normal, just low number
•Compensatory mechanisms
-Fluids and electrolytes move into vascular system
hemolytic anemia - Answer which type of anemia...
•RBCs destroyed prematurely
-Congenital defects
•Hereditary spherocytosis (big spheres (balls); not biconcave; when get to spleen get damaged
easily - more common than sickle cell actually)
,•Autoimmune
•Drug reaction
•Damage by cardiac device
•Intravascular cell damage
-Spleen (graveyard of RBCs; lots of macrophageds there)
microcytic hypochromic anemia - Answer which type of anemia...
•RBCs small with reduced Hb
•Many associated conditions
-Disorder of iron metabolism
-Disorders of porphyrin & heme synthesis
-Disorders of globin synthesis
•Iron deficiency - most common anemia
-Affects poor, women (menstruating), children (cows milk has poor absorbable iron)
-Can lead to irreversible cognitive impairment (in children; adults should be able to
compensate)
macrocytic (megaloblastic) normochromic anemias - Answer which type of anemia...
•Large stem cells in marrow mature into large, thick RBCs with normal Hb
•Patho: deficiency of B12 or folate →defective DNA synthesis
-RNA production continues (cells produce Hb)
-Abnormal growth & development of nucleus and cytoplasm→ large odd-shaped cells
normocytic- normochromic anemias - Answer which type of anemia...
, •Chemotherapy, radiation
•Toxic chemicals
•Viral illness
•Idiopathic
•Bone marrow replaced with fat
aplastic anemia - Answer which type of anemia...
-Characterized by pancytopenia (everything is low!!!)
-Causes:
•Chemotherapy, radiation
•Toxic chemicals
•Viral illness
•Idiopathic
•Bone marrow replaced with fat
•S/S: Can rapidly lead to death from infection or bleeding
-Hypoxemia, pallor, weakness
-Bleeding, bruising, petechiae
-Infection
•Dx: CBC - anemia, granulocytes <500/µL, platelets < 20K (can spontaneously bleed), bone
marrow biopsy
•Rx: bone marrow transplant, peripheral stem cell transplant, immunosuppressive drugs
1. low ferritin, low transferritin %, high total iron binding capacity, low Hb, low MCV, low MCHC
2. •Causes of IDA
-Nutritional deficiency
•Parasitic infections and lead poisoning
-Blood loss
-Metabolic problems
