PSYC 1010 Mazurek Final Exam With
Complete Solutions
Psychology - ANSWER Scientific Study of behavior and mental processes
Goal of Description - ANSWER What's Happening? To Whom? Where? What else?
Advantage: Simple and Straightfoward
Disadvantage: Doesn't cover relationships
(Perceiving the Question step derives this goal)
Goal of Prediction - ANSWER Goes into connections/relationships
Advantages: Relationships
Disadvantages: No WHY?
(Forming Hypotheses)
Goal of Explanation - ANSWER Why are things occurring??
Advantage: Most thorough understanding
Disadvantage: Extremely difficult to establish
(Testing the Hypotheses)
Goal of Control - ANSWER Alter/control thoughts and/or behaviors (Ex. Propaganda,
stop smoking commercials, any kind of clinical intervention, etc.)
(Reporting Results)
Behavior - ANSWER Outward or overt actions and reactions
Mental Processes - ANSWER Internal, covert activity of our minds
Wilhem Wundt - ANSWER Father of Psychology - 1st true experimental labs in
psychology
Objective Introspection - ANSWER Wilhelm Wundt's contribution; Objectively examining
and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities
,Structuralism - ANSWER Focus on the structure of the mind ; Contribution by Edward
Titchener
Functionalism - ANSWER How mind affects work, play, and adaptation ; Contribution by
William James
Gestalt Psychology - ANSWER Studying whole psychological events rather than
breaking it down (Modern day cognitive psychology) ; Contribution by Max Wertheimer
due to events such as sensation/perception
Sigmund Freud - ANSWER Physician whose patients had nervous disorders with no
perceived physical cause; focused on the unconscious mind and urges and desires
Ivan Pavlov - ANSWER Studied Classical Conditioning with dogs salivation, showed a
reflex could be caused to occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus
John Watson - ANSWER Father of Behaviorism; Stated phobias are learned through
conditioning
Behaviorism - ANSWER Science of observable behavior
Psychodynamic Perspective - ANSWER Modern Freudian theory with more emphasis on
relationships and motivations
BF Skinner - ANSWER Scientist studying operant conditioning to explain how voluntary
behavior is learned
Humanism - ANSWER Modern Perspective of how people have free will and strive for
self-actualization
Cognitive Perspective - ANSWER Focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought
processes, problem-solving, language, and learning
Sociocultural Perspective - ANSWER Focuses on the relationships between social
behavior and culture, thinking and behaving is seen as a product of learning and
shaping within context of one's family, social group, and culture
Biophysiological Perspective - ANSWER Attributes human and animal behavior to
biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and
activity of the nervous system
Evolutionary Perspective - ANSWER Focuses on biological base of universal mental
characteristics that all humans share.
Scientific Approach - ANSWER Way in which research is applied to lower bias and error
in measurement
,Empirical Questions - ANSWER Questions that can be tested through direct observation
or through an experiment
Naturalistic Observation - ANSWER Watch beings behave in natural environment;
Unique and ungeneralizable
Observer Effect - ANSWER The phenomenon that Animals/People who know they are
being watched won't behave normally
Participant Observation - ANSWER Observer becomes participant in the group without
being observed by the group
Observer Bias - ANSWER The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
Laboratory Observation - ANSWER Adds control to observation by bringing it to the lab;
However, the artificial situation may result in artificial behavior
Case Study - ANSWER One individual is studied in great detail, but can't really apply
results to other similar people
Surveys - ANSWER Private questions based on the topic studying
Advantage: Tremendous amount of data on a large group of people
Disadvantage: Not easy to get a representative sample and sometimes not accurate
Courtesy Bias - ANSWER Giving answers that are more socially correct rather than the
true opinion
Representative Sample - ANSWER Randomly selected sample from population (entire
group of interest)
Correlation - ANSWER Measure of relationship between 2 or more variables
Coefficient of Correlation - ANSWER Measure of relationship between 2 or more
variables (+ = direct; - = Indirect; 0 (weak) to 1 (Strong))
Experiment - ANSWER Deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding
changes in behavior result, allowing a cause-and-effect determination.
Operationalization - ANSWER Specific description of a variable of interest that allows it
to be measured
, Independent Variable - ANSWER Variable that is manipulated in the experiment
Dependent Variable - ANSWER Measured response variable to the IV
Extraneous Factors - ANSWER Variables that interfere with each other and have
possible effects on some other variables in the experiment
Placebo Effect - ANSWER Expectations of study participants can influence behavior
Experimenter Effect - ANSWER Tendency of Experimenter's expectations to
unintentionally influence results
Placebo - ANSWER Some kind of treatment that doesn't affect behavior at all
Single-blind study - ANSWER Subjects don't know whether they are in control group or
experimental group
Double-Blind Study - ANSWER Neither subjects nor experimenters know whether they
are in control or experimental group
Critical Thinking - ANSWER Making reasoned judgements about claims
Scientific Method - ANSWER Questions -> Hypothesis & Methods -> Test -> Conclusions
-> Reporting Conclusions
Beneficence and Nonmalifecence - ANSWER Ethic: Psychologists strive to benefit those
with whom they work and take care to do no harm
Fidelity & Responsibility - ANSWER Ethic: Psychologists establish trust relationships
with those with whom they work
Integrity - ANSWER Ethic: Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and
truthfulness in the science and teaching of psychology
Justice - ANSWER Ethic: Fairness & Justice entitle all persons access to and benefit
from contributions of psychology and to equal quality in processes, procedures, and
services conducted by psychology
Respect for Rights and Dignity - ANSWER Ethic: Respect the dignity/worth of all people
and rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination
Complete Solutions
Psychology - ANSWER Scientific Study of behavior and mental processes
Goal of Description - ANSWER What's Happening? To Whom? Where? What else?
Advantage: Simple and Straightfoward
Disadvantage: Doesn't cover relationships
(Perceiving the Question step derives this goal)
Goal of Prediction - ANSWER Goes into connections/relationships
Advantages: Relationships
Disadvantages: No WHY?
(Forming Hypotheses)
Goal of Explanation - ANSWER Why are things occurring??
Advantage: Most thorough understanding
Disadvantage: Extremely difficult to establish
(Testing the Hypotheses)
Goal of Control - ANSWER Alter/control thoughts and/or behaviors (Ex. Propaganda,
stop smoking commercials, any kind of clinical intervention, etc.)
(Reporting Results)
Behavior - ANSWER Outward or overt actions and reactions
Mental Processes - ANSWER Internal, covert activity of our minds
Wilhem Wundt - ANSWER Father of Psychology - 1st true experimental labs in
psychology
Objective Introspection - ANSWER Wilhelm Wundt's contribution; Objectively examining
and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities
,Structuralism - ANSWER Focus on the structure of the mind ; Contribution by Edward
Titchener
Functionalism - ANSWER How mind affects work, play, and adaptation ; Contribution by
William James
Gestalt Psychology - ANSWER Studying whole psychological events rather than
breaking it down (Modern day cognitive psychology) ; Contribution by Max Wertheimer
due to events such as sensation/perception
Sigmund Freud - ANSWER Physician whose patients had nervous disorders with no
perceived physical cause; focused on the unconscious mind and urges and desires
Ivan Pavlov - ANSWER Studied Classical Conditioning with dogs salivation, showed a
reflex could be caused to occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus
John Watson - ANSWER Father of Behaviorism; Stated phobias are learned through
conditioning
Behaviorism - ANSWER Science of observable behavior
Psychodynamic Perspective - ANSWER Modern Freudian theory with more emphasis on
relationships and motivations
BF Skinner - ANSWER Scientist studying operant conditioning to explain how voluntary
behavior is learned
Humanism - ANSWER Modern Perspective of how people have free will and strive for
self-actualization
Cognitive Perspective - ANSWER Focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought
processes, problem-solving, language, and learning
Sociocultural Perspective - ANSWER Focuses on the relationships between social
behavior and culture, thinking and behaving is seen as a product of learning and
shaping within context of one's family, social group, and culture
Biophysiological Perspective - ANSWER Attributes human and animal behavior to
biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and
activity of the nervous system
Evolutionary Perspective - ANSWER Focuses on biological base of universal mental
characteristics that all humans share.
Scientific Approach - ANSWER Way in which research is applied to lower bias and error
in measurement
,Empirical Questions - ANSWER Questions that can be tested through direct observation
or through an experiment
Naturalistic Observation - ANSWER Watch beings behave in natural environment;
Unique and ungeneralizable
Observer Effect - ANSWER The phenomenon that Animals/People who know they are
being watched won't behave normally
Participant Observation - ANSWER Observer becomes participant in the group without
being observed by the group
Observer Bias - ANSWER The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
Laboratory Observation - ANSWER Adds control to observation by bringing it to the lab;
However, the artificial situation may result in artificial behavior
Case Study - ANSWER One individual is studied in great detail, but can't really apply
results to other similar people
Surveys - ANSWER Private questions based on the topic studying
Advantage: Tremendous amount of data on a large group of people
Disadvantage: Not easy to get a representative sample and sometimes not accurate
Courtesy Bias - ANSWER Giving answers that are more socially correct rather than the
true opinion
Representative Sample - ANSWER Randomly selected sample from population (entire
group of interest)
Correlation - ANSWER Measure of relationship between 2 or more variables
Coefficient of Correlation - ANSWER Measure of relationship between 2 or more
variables (+ = direct; - = Indirect; 0 (weak) to 1 (Strong))
Experiment - ANSWER Deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding
changes in behavior result, allowing a cause-and-effect determination.
Operationalization - ANSWER Specific description of a variable of interest that allows it
to be measured
, Independent Variable - ANSWER Variable that is manipulated in the experiment
Dependent Variable - ANSWER Measured response variable to the IV
Extraneous Factors - ANSWER Variables that interfere with each other and have
possible effects on some other variables in the experiment
Placebo Effect - ANSWER Expectations of study participants can influence behavior
Experimenter Effect - ANSWER Tendency of Experimenter's expectations to
unintentionally influence results
Placebo - ANSWER Some kind of treatment that doesn't affect behavior at all
Single-blind study - ANSWER Subjects don't know whether they are in control group or
experimental group
Double-Blind Study - ANSWER Neither subjects nor experimenters know whether they
are in control or experimental group
Critical Thinking - ANSWER Making reasoned judgements about claims
Scientific Method - ANSWER Questions -> Hypothesis & Methods -> Test -> Conclusions
-> Reporting Conclusions
Beneficence and Nonmalifecence - ANSWER Ethic: Psychologists strive to benefit those
with whom they work and take care to do no harm
Fidelity & Responsibility - ANSWER Ethic: Psychologists establish trust relationships
with those with whom they work
Integrity - ANSWER Ethic: Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and
truthfulness in the science and teaching of psychology
Justice - ANSWER Ethic: Fairness & Justice entitle all persons access to and benefit
from contributions of psychology and to equal quality in processes, procedures, and
services conducted by psychology
Respect for Rights and Dignity - ANSWER Ethic: Respect the dignity/worth of all people
and rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination
