Solution Manual for| |
Statistics for Nursing | |
| Research A Workbook | |
for Evidence-Based
| |
| Practice 3rd Edition
| |
| Susan Grove Daisha
| |
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
| | | | | |
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of | |
|
|
Measurement: Nominal,
|
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
| |
|
|
1
The |questions |are |in |bold |followed |by |answers.
1. In |Table |1, |identify |the |level |of |measurement |for |the |current |therapy |variable. |Provide |a
|rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |The |current |therapy |variable |was |measured |at |the |nominal |level. |These |drug |categories
|were |probably |developed |to |be |exhaustive |for |this |study |and |included |the |categories |of |drugs |the
|subjects |were |receiving. |However, |the |categories |are |not |exclusive, |since |patients |are |usually |on
|more |than |one |category |of |these |drugs |to |manage |their |health |problems. |The |current |therapies |are
|not |m easured |at |the |ordinal |level |because |they |cannot |be |r ank |ordered, |since |no |drug |category |can |be
|considered |more |or |less |beneficial |than |another |drug |category |(see |Figure |1-1; |Grove |& |Gray,
|2019).
2. What | is | the | mode | for | the | current | therapy | variable | in | this | study? | Provide | a | rationale
| for|your |answer.
Answer: | The | mode | for | current | therapy | was | β |blocker. |A | total | of | 100 | (94%) | of | the | cardiac | patients
were | receiving | this | category | of | drug, | which | was | the | most | common | prescribed | drug | for
| this|sample.
3. What |statistics |were |conducted |to |describe |the |BMI |of |the |cardiac |patients |in |this |sample?
|Discuss |whether |these |analysis |techniques |were |appropriate |or |inappropriate.
Answer: | BMI | was | described | with | a | mean | and | standard | deviation | (SD). | BMI | measurement | resulted
|in |ratio-level |data |with |continuous |values |and |an |absolute |zero |(Stone |& |Frazier, |2017). |Ratio-
|level |data |should |be |analyzed |with |parametric |statistics |such |as |the |mean |and |SD |(Grove |& |Gray,
|2017; |Knapp, |2017).
4. Researchers |used |the |following |item |to |measure |registered |nurses’ |(RNs) |income |in |a |study:
|What |category |identifies |your |current |income |as |an |RN?
a. | Less |than |$50,000
b. | $50,000 |to |59,999
c. | $60,000 |to |69,999
d. | $70,000 |to |80,000
e. | $80,000 |or |greater
What | level | of | measurement | is | this | income | variable? | Does | the | income | variable | follow | the
|rules |outlined |in |Figure |1-1? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |In |this |example, |the |income |variable |is |measured |at |the |ordinal |level. |The |income |catego-
|ries |are |exhaustive, |ranging |from |less |than |$50,000 |to |greater |than |$80,000. |The |two |open-ended
AG |1-1
,AG |1-2 Answer | Guidelines | for | Questions | to | Be | Graded
categories |ensure |that |all |salary |levels |are |covered. |The |categories |are |not |exclusive, |since |catego-|ries
|(d) |and |(e) |include |an |$80,000 |salary, |so |study |participants |making |$80,000 |might |mark |either
| (d) | or | (e) | or | both | categories, | resulting | in | erroneous | data. | Category | (e) | could | be | changed |to
|greater |than |$80,000, |making |the |categories |exclusive. |The |categories |can |be |rank |ordered |from
|the |lowest |salary |to |the |highest |salary, |which |is |consistent |with |ordinal |data |(Grove |& |Gray,
|2019; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
5. What |level |of |measurement |is |the |CDS |score? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |The |CDS |score |is |at |the |interval |level |of |measurement. |The |CDS |is |a |26-item |Likert
|scale |developed |to |measure |depression |in |cardiac |patients. |Study |participants |rated |their |symp-
|toms |on |a |scale |of |1 |to |7, |with |higher |numbers |indicating |increased |severity |in |the |depression
|symptoms. |The |total |scores |for |each |subject |obtained |from |this |multi-item |scale |are |considered
|to |be |at |the |interval |level |of |measurement |(Gray |et |al., |2017; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
6. Were |nonparametric |or |parametric |analysis |techniques |used |to |analyze |the |CDS |scores |for
|the |cardiac |patients |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |Parametric |statistics, |such |as | mean | and | SD, | were | conducted | to | describe | CDS
| scores |for |study |participants |(see |Table |1). |CDS |scores |are |interval-level |data |as |indicated |in
|Questions |5, |so |parametric |statistics |are |appropriate |for |this |level |of |data |(Gray |et |al., |2017; |Kim |&
|Mallory, |2017).
7. Is |the |prevalence |of |depression |linked |to |the |NYHA |class? |Discuss |the |clinical |importance
|of |this |result.
Answer: |The |study |narrative |indicated |that |the |prevalence |of |depression |increased |with |the
|greater |NYHA |class. |I n |NYHA |class |III, |64% |of |the |subjects |were |depressed, |whereas |11% |of |the
|subjects |were |depressed |in |NYHA |class |I. |Thus, |as |the |NYHA |class |increased, |the |number |of |sub-
|jects |with |depression |increased. |This |is |an |expected |finding |because |as |the |NYHA |class |increases,
|cardiac |patients |have |m ore |severe |physical |symptoms, |which |usually |result |in |emotional |distress,
|such | as | depression. | Nurses | need | to | actively | assess | cardiac | patients | for | depression, | especially
| those|in |higher |NYHA |classes, |so |they |might |be |diagnosed |and |treated |as |needed.
8. What |frequency |and |percent |of |cardiac |patients |in |this |study |were |not |being |treated |with
|an |antidepressant? |Show |your |calculations |and |round |your |answer |to |the |nearest |whole
|percent |(%).
Answer: |A |total | |of | |106 | |cardiac | |patients | |participated | |in | |this | |study. | |The | |sample | |included |15
|patients |who |were |receiving |an |antidepressant |(see |Table |1). |The | |number | |of | |cardiac |patients
| not | treated | for | depression | was | 91 | (106 | – | 15 | = |91). | The | group | percent | is | calculated |by
| the | following | formula: | (group | frequency | ÷ | total | sample | size) | × | 100%. | For | this
| study, |( 91 |patients |÷ |106 | sample |size) |× |100% |= |0.858 |× |100% |= |85.8% |= |86%. |The | |final
|answer | is | rounded | to | the | nearest | whole | percent | as | directed | in | the | question. | You | could
| have |also |subtracted |the |14% |of |patients |treated |with |antidepressants |from |100% |and |obtained
|the |86% | who | were | not | treated | with | an | antidepressant.
9. What |was |the |purpose |of |the |6-minute |walk |test |(6MWT)? |Would |the |6MWT |be |useful |in
|clinical |practice?
Answer: |Ha |et |al. |(2018) |stated, |“The |6-min |walk |test |(6MWT) |is |a |measure |of |the |submaximal,
|steady-state |functional |capacity” |of |cardiac |patients. |This |test |would |be |a |quick, |easy |way |to
|determine |a |cardiac |patient’s |functional |status |in |a |clinical | |setting. | |This | |functional | |status |score
| could | be | used | to | determine | the | treatment | plan | to | promote | or | maintain | functional | status |of
|cardiac |patients.
, Answer | Guidelines | for | Questions | to | Be | Graded AG |1-3
10. How |was |exercise |confidence |measured |in |this |study? |What |was |the |level |of |measurement
|for |the |exercise |confidence |variable |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
|Answer: |Exercise |confidence |of |the |patients |with |heart |failure |(HF) |in |this |study |was |measured
|with |the |Exercise |Confidence |Scale |that |included |four |subscales |focused |on |walking, |climbing,
|lifting | objects | of | graded | weight, | and | running | (see | the | study | narrative). | This | was | a | rating | scale
|with |values |ranging |from |0 |to |100. |The |patients’ |scores |for |the |Total |Exercise |Confidence |scale
|and | the | subscales | were | considered | interval-level | data | and | analyzed | with | parametric | statistics,
|such |as |means |and |SDs |(see |the |study |narrative; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
Statistics for Nursing | |
| Research A Workbook | |
for Evidence-Based
| |
| Practice 3rd Edition
| |
| Susan Grove Daisha
| |
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
| | | | | |
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of | |
|
|
Measurement: Nominal,
|
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
| |
|
|
1
The |questions |are |in |bold |followed |by |answers.
1. In |Table |1, |identify |the |level |of |measurement |for |the |current |therapy |variable. |Provide |a
|rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |The |current |therapy |variable |was |measured |at |the |nominal |level. |These |drug |categories
|were |probably |developed |to |be |exhaustive |for |this |study |and |included |the |categories |of |drugs |the
|subjects |were |receiving. |However, |the |categories |are |not |exclusive, |since |patients |are |usually |on
|more |than |one |category |of |these |drugs |to |manage |their |health |problems. |The |current |therapies |are
|not |m easured |at |the |ordinal |level |because |they |cannot |be |r ank |ordered, |since |no |drug |category |can |be
|considered |more |or |less |beneficial |than |another |drug |category |(see |Figure |1-1; |Grove |& |Gray,
|2019).
2. What | is | the | mode | for | the | current | therapy | variable | in | this | study? | Provide | a | rationale
| for|your |answer.
Answer: | The | mode | for | current | therapy | was | β |blocker. |A | total | of | 100 | (94%) | of | the | cardiac | patients
were | receiving | this | category | of | drug, | which | was | the | most | common | prescribed | drug | for
| this|sample.
3. What |statistics |were |conducted |to |describe |the |BMI |of |the |cardiac |patients |in |this |sample?
|Discuss |whether |these |analysis |techniques |were |appropriate |or |inappropriate.
Answer: | BMI | was | described | with | a | mean | and | standard | deviation | (SD). | BMI | measurement | resulted
|in |ratio-level |data |with |continuous |values |and |an |absolute |zero |(Stone |& |Frazier, |2017). |Ratio-
|level |data |should |be |analyzed |with |parametric |statistics |such |as |the |mean |and |SD |(Grove |& |Gray,
|2017; |Knapp, |2017).
4. Researchers |used |the |following |item |to |measure |registered |nurses’ |(RNs) |income |in |a |study:
|What |category |identifies |your |current |income |as |an |RN?
a. | Less |than |$50,000
b. | $50,000 |to |59,999
c. | $60,000 |to |69,999
d. | $70,000 |to |80,000
e. | $80,000 |or |greater
What | level | of | measurement | is | this | income | variable? | Does | the | income | variable | follow | the
|rules |outlined |in |Figure |1-1? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |In |this |example, |the |income |variable |is |measured |at |the |ordinal |level. |The |income |catego-
|ries |are |exhaustive, |ranging |from |less |than |$50,000 |to |greater |than |$80,000. |The |two |open-ended
AG |1-1
,AG |1-2 Answer | Guidelines | for | Questions | to | Be | Graded
categories |ensure |that |all |salary |levels |are |covered. |The |categories |are |not |exclusive, |since |catego-|ries
|(d) |and |(e) |include |an |$80,000 |salary, |so |study |participants |making |$80,000 |might |mark |either
| (d) | or | (e) | or | both | categories, | resulting | in | erroneous | data. | Category | (e) | could | be | changed |to
|greater |than |$80,000, |making |the |categories |exclusive. |The |categories |can |be |rank |ordered |from
|the |lowest |salary |to |the |highest |salary, |which |is |consistent |with |ordinal |data |(Grove |& |Gray,
|2019; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
5. What |level |of |measurement |is |the |CDS |score? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |The |CDS |score |is |at |the |interval |level |of |measurement. |The |CDS |is |a |26-item |Likert
|scale |developed |to |measure |depression |in |cardiac |patients. |Study |participants |rated |their |symp-
|toms |on |a |scale |of |1 |to |7, |with |higher |numbers |indicating |increased |severity |in |the |depression
|symptoms. |The |total |scores |for |each |subject |obtained |from |this |multi-item |scale |are |considered
|to |be |at |the |interval |level |of |measurement |(Gray |et |al., |2017; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
6. Were |nonparametric |or |parametric |analysis |techniques |used |to |analyze |the |CDS |scores |for
|the |cardiac |patients |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
Answer: |Parametric |statistics, |such |as | mean | and | SD, | were | conducted | to | describe | CDS
| scores |for |study |participants |(see |Table |1). |CDS |scores |are |interval-level |data |as |indicated |in
|Questions |5, |so |parametric |statistics |are |appropriate |for |this |level |of |data |(Gray |et |al., |2017; |Kim |&
|Mallory, |2017).
7. Is |the |prevalence |of |depression |linked |to |the |NYHA |class? |Discuss |the |clinical |importance
|of |this |result.
Answer: |The |study |narrative |indicated |that |the |prevalence |of |depression |increased |with |the
|greater |NYHA |class. |I n |NYHA |class |III, |64% |of |the |subjects |were |depressed, |whereas |11% |of |the
|subjects |were |depressed |in |NYHA |class |I. |Thus, |as |the |NYHA |class |increased, |the |number |of |sub-
|jects |with |depression |increased. |This |is |an |expected |finding |because |as |the |NYHA |class |increases,
|cardiac |patients |have |m ore |severe |physical |symptoms, |which |usually |result |in |emotional |distress,
|such | as | depression. | Nurses | need | to | actively | assess | cardiac | patients | for | depression, | especially
| those|in |higher |NYHA |classes, |so |they |might |be |diagnosed |and |treated |as |needed.
8. What |frequency |and |percent |of |cardiac |patients |in |this |study |were |not |being |treated |with
|an |antidepressant? |Show |your |calculations |and |round |your |answer |to |the |nearest |whole
|percent |(%).
Answer: |A |total | |of | |106 | |cardiac | |patients | |participated | |in | |this | |study. | |The | |sample | |included |15
|patients |who |were |receiving |an |antidepressant |(see |Table |1). |The | |number | |of | |cardiac |patients
| not | treated | for | depression | was | 91 | (106 | – | 15 | = |91). | The | group | percent | is | calculated |by
| the | following | formula: | (group | frequency | ÷ | total | sample | size) | × | 100%. | For | this
| study, |( 91 |patients |÷ |106 | sample |size) |× |100% |= |0.858 |× |100% |= |85.8% |= |86%. |The | |final
|answer | is | rounded | to | the | nearest | whole | percent | as | directed | in | the | question. | You | could
| have |also |subtracted |the |14% |of |patients |treated |with |antidepressants |from |100% |and |obtained
|the |86% | who | were | not | treated | with | an | antidepressant.
9. What |was |the |purpose |of |the |6-minute |walk |test |(6MWT)? |Would |the |6MWT |be |useful |in
|clinical |practice?
Answer: |Ha |et |al. |(2018) |stated, |“The |6-min |walk |test |(6MWT) |is |a |measure |of |the |submaximal,
|steady-state |functional |capacity” |of |cardiac |patients. |This |test |would |be |a |quick, |easy |way |to
|determine |a |cardiac |patient’s |functional |status |in |a |clinical | |setting. | |This | |functional | |status |score
| could | be | used | to | determine | the | treatment | plan | to | promote | or | maintain | functional | status |of
|cardiac |patients.
, Answer | Guidelines | for | Questions | to | Be | Graded AG |1-3
10. How |was |exercise |confidence |measured |in |this |study? |What |was |the |level |of |measurement
|for |the |exercise |confidence |variable |in |this |study? |Provide |a |rationale |for |your |answer.
|Answer: |Exercise |confidence |of |the |patients |with |heart |failure |(HF) |in |this |study |was |measured
|with |the |Exercise |Confidence |Scale |that |included |four |subscales |focused |on |walking, |climbing,
|lifting | objects | of | graded | weight, | and | running | (see | the | study | narrative). | This | was | a | rating | scale
|with |values |ranging |from |0 |to |100. |The |patients’ |scores |for |the |Total |Exercise |Confidence |scale
|and | the | subscales | were | considered | interval-level | data | and | analyzed | with | parametric | statistics,
|such |as |means |and |SDs |(see |the |study |narrative; |Waltz |et |al., |2017).
