NAVLE UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
1. Xylitol toxicity - rapid release of insulin = monitor for HYPOGLYCEMIA
- high ALT = SAME, ursodiol, N-acetylcysteine, milk thistle
2. Bleach toxicity - dilute stomach w/ MILK
- DO NOT induce emesis
- GI protectants
3. Black widow spi- - latrodectus mactans, L. Hesperus
ders
- ACh is the toxin that binds to Ca channels = ascending motor paralysis and
destruction of peripheral nerves
- signs = recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/ muscle spasms
- death from resp/cardio failure
4. Warfarin toxicity - ANTICOAGULANT = clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
- signs = 12-16 hrs, slowly developing; PT prolonged soonest after ingestion
- give vit. K1 for 3-4 wks (if chronic give plasma too) = do NOT give vit. K1 to horses
(nephrotoxic; only plasma)
- most common site of hemorrhage = thoracic cavity
- spontaneous bleeding below 45 (or 25K) platelets
- platelets < 10,000 = IMTP, DIC
- diagnosis = PIVKA
5.
, NAVLE UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Brodifacoum tox- - D-con rodenticide
icity
- inhibits epoxide reductase (loss of Vit. K)
- give vit. K and monitor PT
6. Bromethalin toxi- - seizures
city
- low dose = paralysis
- high dose = convulsions
7. Cholecalciferol - converted to active Vit. D = increased resorption of calcium and gut absorption
toxicity
- can lead to fatal hypercalcemia + hyperphosphatemia = tissue mineralization
- tx = phosphate binders (aluminum hydroxide, bisphosphonates, fluids (NaCl)),
prednisone/prednisolone (decrease osteoclastic activity)
- DO NOT give sulfa drugs = potentiate toxicity
- human Vit. D supplements are high in Ca and P!
8. Strychnine toxici- tetanic seizures
ty
9. Zinc oxide - gas
- decontaminate = don't breathe in!
10. Ethylene glycol - always isosthenuric in stage 1/2 = ethanol (osmotic diuretic)
- crystals don't tell you about stage = present all the time
- stage 1 = ethanol, acidosis (CNS depression, V/D, ataxia, severe metabolic
, NAVLE UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
acidosis)
- stage 2 = less depression, still acidotic, tachypnea
- stage 3 = azotemia, casts, protein in urine --> treat renal dz
- dx = high anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis,
hyperglycemia, PU/PD or oliguria, hypocalcemia
- tx = aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, fomepa-
zole) --> effective 6-8 hrs post ingestion (best within 3); DOES NOT WORK ON
CATS; ethanol competes
11. Organophos- - inhibit acetylcholinesterase = muscarinic signs
phate toxicity
- DUMBSLED
- tx = atropine or 2-PAM
- DO NOT sedate w/ acepromazine
12. Fleet enema toxi- - high in phosphorus = decrease in serum calcium
city
- hypernatremia and hyperphosphatemia
- hypocalcemia --> weakness, shock, tremors, seizures
- tx = calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, insulin and dextrose (if hyper-
kalemic)
13. Strychnine (snail - competitively antagonizes glycine = loss of impulse contractility in spinal cord
bait) toxicity and brainstem
- affects striated muscle
, NAVLE UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
- tx = methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation
14. Chocolate toxici- - methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine)
ty
- CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, vomiting/diarrhea = measure HR
and BP
- tachycardia = atenolol, acepromazine
- enterohepatic circulation = repeated AC, fluids
15. Pyrethrin - toxic to CATS
(fipronil) toxicity
- alters sodium ion channels to increase length of depolarization
- signs = depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors
- tx = methocarbamol, bathe
16. Grissonia simpli- - herbal supplement
cifolia toxicity
- can lead to serotonin syndrome
17. Acetaminophen - toxic to CATS and ferrets
toxicity
- cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase --> heinz body hemolytic anemia
+ liver damage + methemoglobinemia
- facial and paw edema = allergic/hypersensitivity
- tx = emesis/gastric lavage within 4-6 hrs, N-acetylcysteine
- monitor methemoglobin (>50% grave)
1. Xylitol toxicity - rapid release of insulin = monitor for HYPOGLYCEMIA
- high ALT = SAME, ursodiol, N-acetylcysteine, milk thistle
2. Bleach toxicity - dilute stomach w/ MILK
- DO NOT induce emesis
- GI protectants
3. Black widow spi- - latrodectus mactans, L. Hesperus
ders
- ACh is the toxin that binds to Ca channels = ascending motor paralysis and
destruction of peripheral nerves
- signs = recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/ muscle spasms
- death from resp/cardio failure
4. Warfarin toxicity - ANTICOAGULANT = clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
- signs = 12-16 hrs, slowly developing; PT prolonged soonest after ingestion
- give vit. K1 for 3-4 wks (if chronic give plasma too) = do NOT give vit. K1 to horses
(nephrotoxic; only plasma)
- most common site of hemorrhage = thoracic cavity
- spontaneous bleeding below 45 (or 25K) platelets
- platelets < 10,000 = IMTP, DIC
- diagnosis = PIVKA
5.
, NAVLE UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Brodifacoum tox- - D-con rodenticide
icity
- inhibits epoxide reductase (loss of Vit. K)
- give vit. K and monitor PT
6. Bromethalin toxi- - seizures
city
- low dose = paralysis
- high dose = convulsions
7. Cholecalciferol - converted to active Vit. D = increased resorption of calcium and gut absorption
toxicity
- can lead to fatal hypercalcemia + hyperphosphatemia = tissue mineralization
- tx = phosphate binders (aluminum hydroxide, bisphosphonates, fluids (NaCl)),
prednisone/prednisolone (decrease osteoclastic activity)
- DO NOT give sulfa drugs = potentiate toxicity
- human Vit. D supplements are high in Ca and P!
8. Strychnine toxici- tetanic seizures
ty
9. Zinc oxide - gas
- decontaminate = don't breathe in!
10. Ethylene glycol - always isosthenuric in stage 1/2 = ethanol (osmotic diuretic)
- crystals don't tell you about stage = present all the time
- stage 1 = ethanol, acidosis (CNS depression, V/D, ataxia, severe metabolic
, NAVLE UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
acidosis)
- stage 2 = less depression, still acidotic, tachypnea
- stage 3 = azotemia, casts, protein in urine --> treat renal dz
- dx = high anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis,
hyperglycemia, PU/PD or oliguria, hypocalcemia
- tx = aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, fomepa-
zole) --> effective 6-8 hrs post ingestion (best within 3); DOES NOT WORK ON
CATS; ethanol competes
11. Organophos- - inhibit acetylcholinesterase = muscarinic signs
phate toxicity
- DUMBSLED
- tx = atropine or 2-PAM
- DO NOT sedate w/ acepromazine
12. Fleet enema toxi- - high in phosphorus = decrease in serum calcium
city
- hypernatremia and hyperphosphatemia
- hypocalcemia --> weakness, shock, tremors, seizures
- tx = calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, insulin and dextrose (if hyper-
kalemic)
13. Strychnine (snail - competitively antagonizes glycine = loss of impulse contractility in spinal cord
bait) toxicity and brainstem
- affects striated muscle
, NAVLE UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
- tx = methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation
14. Chocolate toxici- - methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine)
ty
- CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, vomiting/diarrhea = measure HR
and BP
- tachycardia = atenolol, acepromazine
- enterohepatic circulation = repeated AC, fluids
15. Pyrethrin - toxic to CATS
(fipronil) toxicity
- alters sodium ion channels to increase length of depolarization
- signs = depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors
- tx = methocarbamol, bathe
16. Grissonia simpli- - herbal supplement
cifolia toxicity
- can lead to serotonin syndrome
17. Acetaminophen - toxic to CATS and ferrets
toxicity
- cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase --> heinz body hemolytic anemia
+ liver damage + methemoglobinemia
- facial and paw edema = allergic/hypersensitivity
- tx = emesis/gastric lavage within 4-6 hrs, N-acetylcysteine
- monitor methemoglobin (>50% grave)
