ANTHRO 1 Final (Fox UCLA) UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
1. General characteristics of pri- 1. Grasping hands and feet, opposable thumbs
mates (6 answers) 2. Large brains relative to body
3. Better vision than sense of smell
4. Long lifespans and slow growth
5. Small litters
6. Complex social groups
2. What does it mean to have a Delayed sexual maturation, longer interbirth periods, longer
slow life history? lifespan, engaging in future-oriented behavior rather than
impulse
3. What is the social intelligence Primates need large brains to keep track of relationships
hypothesis? within their large social groups
4. What is the behavioral flexibili- Primates need large brains to learn new behaviors from
ty hypothesis? other members of their social group
5. What is the evidence for the so- Species that live in larger groups have proportionately larger
cial intelligence hypothesis? brains
6. What is the evidence against Gorillas live in fairly small groups but have relatively large
the social intelligence hypothe- brains / orangutans are solitary but also have relatively large
sis? brains
7. What is theory of mind? Awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental
processes of others
8. Which animal groups are be- Humans and other great apes (e.g. chimps, gorillas, orang-
lieved to have theory of mind? utans)
9. What are the three circum- 1. Organism has hard body parts like bones, teeth, or shell
stances required for fossil for- 2. Low energy environment - not too much erosion, destruc-
mation?
, ANTHRO 1 Final (Fox UCLA) UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
tion
3. Bones buried quickly to avoid being scavenged by animals
10. What are the benefits of social- 1. Protection from predators
ity? (4 answers) 2. Help defending territory
3. Easier to find mates
4. Food and resource sharing
11. What are the costs of sociality? 1. Greater risk of disease transmission
(2 answers) 2. Competition for food and resources
12. What are three types of altru- 1. Mutualism
ism? 2. Reciprocal altruism
3. Kin selection
13. Define mutualism Both individuals benefit from the relationship/action
14. Define reciprocal altruism Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that
those benefits will be returned in the future
15. Define kin selection Natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may
decrease their chance of survival but increases that of their
kin
16. What is Hamilton's rule? rB>C where r is genetic relatedness, B is benefit, and C is cost
17. How do primates determine re- 1. Context clues (child always with mother, siblings raised
latedness? (2 ways) together)
2. Phenotypic matching (smell or visual similarity)
18. Define direct fitness Individual survival and reproductive output
19. Define indirect fitness Reproductive output that an individual brings about through
altruistic behaviors towards relatives
, 20. Define inclusive fitness Sum of direct and indirect fitness
21. What does the coefficient of re- Probability that two individuals will inherit an identical allele
latedness represent?
22. What are some benefits of sib- 1. Playmates
lings for primates? (4 answers) 2. Older siblings can be extra caretakers
3. Younger siblings can be practice for caretaking
4. Coalitions can be formed in adulthood for hunting/terri-
tory/etc
23. What is the cost of having sib- Having siblings makes a juvenile more vulnerable because
lings for primates? (1 answer) mother has to split resources and time
24. What are the two best settings 1. Near bodies of water
for fossil formation? 2. Caves
25. Which type of radiometric dat- Carbon-14 dating
ing is best for newer fossils,
less than 40 ka?
26. What is thermoluminescence Calculates time since object was exposed to light by measur-
dating? ing the light given off by electrons trapped in the soil around
an object
27. How can oxygen isotopes help "Light" oxygen isotopes are trapped in ice layers and re-
determine climate? leased when the ice melts, so high concentration of light
oxygen in ocean water indicates warming, heavy rain.
28. In which epoch did the first pri- Eocene (55 - 34 Ma)
mates appear?
29. In which epoch did hominins Pliocene
appear?
CORRECT Answers
1. General characteristics of pri- 1. Grasping hands and feet, opposable thumbs
mates (6 answers) 2. Large brains relative to body
3. Better vision than sense of smell
4. Long lifespans and slow growth
5. Small litters
6. Complex social groups
2. What does it mean to have a Delayed sexual maturation, longer interbirth periods, longer
slow life history? lifespan, engaging in future-oriented behavior rather than
impulse
3. What is the social intelligence Primates need large brains to keep track of relationships
hypothesis? within their large social groups
4. What is the behavioral flexibili- Primates need large brains to learn new behaviors from
ty hypothesis? other members of their social group
5. What is the evidence for the so- Species that live in larger groups have proportionately larger
cial intelligence hypothesis? brains
6. What is the evidence against Gorillas live in fairly small groups but have relatively large
the social intelligence hypothe- brains / orangutans are solitary but also have relatively large
sis? brains
7. What is theory of mind? Awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental
processes of others
8. Which animal groups are be- Humans and other great apes (e.g. chimps, gorillas, orang-
lieved to have theory of mind? utans)
9. What are the three circum- 1. Organism has hard body parts like bones, teeth, or shell
stances required for fossil for- 2. Low energy environment - not too much erosion, destruc-
mation?
, ANTHRO 1 Final (Fox UCLA) UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
tion
3. Bones buried quickly to avoid being scavenged by animals
10. What are the benefits of social- 1. Protection from predators
ity? (4 answers) 2. Help defending territory
3. Easier to find mates
4. Food and resource sharing
11. What are the costs of sociality? 1. Greater risk of disease transmission
(2 answers) 2. Competition for food and resources
12. What are three types of altru- 1. Mutualism
ism? 2. Reciprocal altruism
3. Kin selection
13. Define mutualism Both individuals benefit from the relationship/action
14. Define reciprocal altruism Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that
those benefits will be returned in the future
15. Define kin selection Natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may
decrease their chance of survival but increases that of their
kin
16. What is Hamilton's rule? rB>C where r is genetic relatedness, B is benefit, and C is cost
17. How do primates determine re- 1. Context clues (child always with mother, siblings raised
latedness? (2 ways) together)
2. Phenotypic matching (smell or visual similarity)
18. Define direct fitness Individual survival and reproductive output
19. Define indirect fitness Reproductive output that an individual brings about through
altruistic behaviors towards relatives
, 20. Define inclusive fitness Sum of direct and indirect fitness
21. What does the coefficient of re- Probability that two individuals will inherit an identical allele
latedness represent?
22. What are some benefits of sib- 1. Playmates
lings for primates? (4 answers) 2. Older siblings can be extra caretakers
3. Younger siblings can be practice for caretaking
4. Coalitions can be formed in adulthood for hunting/terri-
tory/etc
23. What is the cost of having sib- Having siblings makes a juvenile more vulnerable because
lings for primates? (1 answer) mother has to split resources and time
24. What are the two best settings 1. Near bodies of water
for fossil formation? 2. Caves
25. Which type of radiometric dat- Carbon-14 dating
ing is best for newer fossils,
less than 40 ka?
26. What is thermoluminescence Calculates time since object was exposed to light by measur-
dating? ing the light given off by electrons trapped in the soil around
an object
27. How can oxygen isotopes help "Light" oxygen isotopes are trapped in ice layers and re-
determine climate? leased when the ice melts, so high concentration of light
oxygen in ocean water indicates warming, heavy rain.
28. In which epoch did the first pri- Eocene (55 - 34 Ma)
mates appear?
29. In which epoch did hominins Pliocene
appear?
