9/19/25, 12:18 PM Vet401 EXAM 2
Vet 401 Exam 2 Newest Update 2025-2026 \Complete
Questions & Correct Detailed Answers \VERIFIED 100%
\Actual Vet Surgery Exam 1 \\Graded A+
tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue
after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen
What is reperfusion injury?
Full of K+, Ca2+, ROS and acidic pH that you release back into
body system, causes shock
What is an example of GDV = bloat in dogs
reperfusion injury in small
and large animal medicine? Intestinal reperfusion in horses once they get surgical relief
What's the significance? from a strangulated bowl
What are the cells that make Fibroblast, macrophage, mast cell, plasma cell, and specialized
up the connective tissue CT cells
Makes collagen
Aka tenocyte in tendon, ECM Long rope like structure
Fibroblast
Islet cell amyloidosis IAPP produced by pancreatic Beta cells in cats
Which amyloidosis is caused Secondary amyloidosis
by chronic inflammation?
Affects organ structure and therefore function
Why does hepatic
amyloidosis interfere with
Kidney glomeruli full of amyloid = no kidney fxn = chronic renal
kidney function? failure
Amyloid is deposited in the spaces in a liver and blocks a
liver cell's access to blood vessels. The liver cell is
Why does hepatic perfectly healthy but bc it can't access the blood, they
amyloidosis interfere with can't filter the blood
liver function?
This leads to liver atrophy/ failure BUT liver looks big
bc of accumulation of amyloid in cells
Dystrophic mineralization Local deposit of calcium in injured/dying tissue
/ 1/32
,9/19/25, 12:01 PM Vet Surgery Exam 1
Systemic deposit of calcium in connective tissue and basement
Metastatic mineralization membranes when
there is hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia and the
solubility product of calcium phosphate is exceeded
Which mineralization Metastatic calcification
represents systemic disease?
Dystrophic: anywhere; dead cells, old abscesses
Where will you see
dystrophic and metastatic
Metastatic: stomach, lungs, heart, kidney, parietal pleura
calcification?
1) Normal wear and tear, membrane gets recycled :
organ same size but has the yellow/gold color
When do you see lipofuscin?
atrophy: organ size shrinks and you see the yellow/gold
2)
Acute cellular swelling means failure of Na2+/K+
pump, decreased mRNA expression meaning it can't
What is reversible cell
injury? transcribe genes to save itself, dilated mitochondria
and ER,
dissociated ribosomes, blebs
Fatty deposits in liver and muscle cells, this is a
significant injury
What is cellular "Love of pink"
eosinophilia and why is it a
In injured cells, cytoplasm turns pinker bc of
sign of cell death?
decreased mRNA/rRNA and denatured proteins
What are the two patterns apoptosis and necrosis
of cell death?
What is apoptosis? Orderly, programmed cell death, very clean, no
inflammation
/ 2/32
,9/19/25, 12:01 PM Vet Surgery Exam 1
Disorderly, sloppy death. Leaks a lot of inflammatory
molecules, results in inflammation
What is necrosis?
INFLAMMATION!!!!
You will see nuclear fragmentation in each slide,
How can you distinguish but bc necrosis is leaking and causes inflammation,
cytologically between the two you see neutrophils around the dead cells
patterns of cell death?
Neutrophils are the hallmark of inflammation
What are the four gross forms Coagulative, liquifactive, caseous, and fat/saponification
of necrosis?
Maintains overall shape of organ, decreased fxn
Coagulative necrosis Gross appearance: shrunken and pallor
bc of mass cell death Bc of toxin or
sterile injury
PUS!!!!
Loss of tissue architecture
Liquifactive necrosis
Gross appearance: tissue is
liquified or paste-like Extracellular
bacteria like staph and strep
Cheese crumbles
Loss of tissue architecture
caseous necrosis
Gross appearance: dry and crumbly
Can be triggered by intracellular bacteria
- specific to coagulative necrosis of adipocytes
Fat Necrosis (Saponification)
- Fat within cells blends w Ca2+ to make soap
Infection, whether it's bacterial or other
What is the likely cause for
each form of necrosis? The cell is like imma die and imma warn the body so it
can come and clean up this infection so let's blow tf up
and call the neutrophils and other WBCs over
What is the general cellular Extrinsic or intrinsic
mechanism leading to
apoptosis?
Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis Activation of cell death receptors, a WBC tells it to die
Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis Injury to mitochondria, cell dies bc of a defect in itself
Apoptosis - cell shrinkage
What is the cellular size of
a cell going through
/ 3/32
, 9/19/25, 12:01 PM Vet Surgery Exam 1
apoptosis and necrosis? Necrosis- swelling
What happens to the Apoptosis -
plasma membrane in a cell disrupted
undergoing apoptosis and Necrosis -
necrosis? intact
What are the morphological Karyolysis,
changes of the nucleus pyknosis,
during cell death? karyorrhexis
Karyolysis nuclear fading
Pyknosis nuclear
shrinkage
Karyorrhexis fragmentation
of nucleus
/ 4/32
Vet 401 Exam 2 Newest Update 2025-2026 \Complete
Questions & Correct Detailed Answers \VERIFIED 100%
\Actual Vet Surgery Exam 1 \\Graded A+
tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue
after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen
What is reperfusion injury?
Full of K+, Ca2+, ROS and acidic pH that you release back into
body system, causes shock
What is an example of GDV = bloat in dogs
reperfusion injury in small
and large animal medicine? Intestinal reperfusion in horses once they get surgical relief
What's the significance? from a strangulated bowl
What are the cells that make Fibroblast, macrophage, mast cell, plasma cell, and specialized
up the connective tissue CT cells
Makes collagen
Aka tenocyte in tendon, ECM Long rope like structure
Fibroblast
Islet cell amyloidosis IAPP produced by pancreatic Beta cells in cats
Which amyloidosis is caused Secondary amyloidosis
by chronic inflammation?
Affects organ structure and therefore function
Why does hepatic
amyloidosis interfere with
Kidney glomeruli full of amyloid = no kidney fxn = chronic renal
kidney function? failure
Amyloid is deposited in the spaces in a liver and blocks a
liver cell's access to blood vessels. The liver cell is
Why does hepatic perfectly healthy but bc it can't access the blood, they
amyloidosis interfere with can't filter the blood
liver function?
This leads to liver atrophy/ failure BUT liver looks big
bc of accumulation of amyloid in cells
Dystrophic mineralization Local deposit of calcium in injured/dying tissue
/ 1/32
,9/19/25, 12:01 PM Vet Surgery Exam 1
Systemic deposit of calcium in connective tissue and basement
Metastatic mineralization membranes when
there is hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia and the
solubility product of calcium phosphate is exceeded
Which mineralization Metastatic calcification
represents systemic disease?
Dystrophic: anywhere; dead cells, old abscesses
Where will you see
dystrophic and metastatic
Metastatic: stomach, lungs, heart, kidney, parietal pleura
calcification?
1) Normal wear and tear, membrane gets recycled :
organ same size but has the yellow/gold color
When do you see lipofuscin?
atrophy: organ size shrinks and you see the yellow/gold
2)
Acute cellular swelling means failure of Na2+/K+
pump, decreased mRNA expression meaning it can't
What is reversible cell
injury? transcribe genes to save itself, dilated mitochondria
and ER,
dissociated ribosomes, blebs
Fatty deposits in liver and muscle cells, this is a
significant injury
What is cellular "Love of pink"
eosinophilia and why is it a
In injured cells, cytoplasm turns pinker bc of
sign of cell death?
decreased mRNA/rRNA and denatured proteins
What are the two patterns apoptosis and necrosis
of cell death?
What is apoptosis? Orderly, programmed cell death, very clean, no
inflammation
/ 2/32
,9/19/25, 12:01 PM Vet Surgery Exam 1
Disorderly, sloppy death. Leaks a lot of inflammatory
molecules, results in inflammation
What is necrosis?
INFLAMMATION!!!!
You will see nuclear fragmentation in each slide,
How can you distinguish but bc necrosis is leaking and causes inflammation,
cytologically between the two you see neutrophils around the dead cells
patterns of cell death?
Neutrophils are the hallmark of inflammation
What are the four gross forms Coagulative, liquifactive, caseous, and fat/saponification
of necrosis?
Maintains overall shape of organ, decreased fxn
Coagulative necrosis Gross appearance: shrunken and pallor
bc of mass cell death Bc of toxin or
sterile injury
PUS!!!!
Loss of tissue architecture
Liquifactive necrosis
Gross appearance: tissue is
liquified or paste-like Extracellular
bacteria like staph and strep
Cheese crumbles
Loss of tissue architecture
caseous necrosis
Gross appearance: dry and crumbly
Can be triggered by intracellular bacteria
- specific to coagulative necrosis of adipocytes
Fat Necrosis (Saponification)
- Fat within cells blends w Ca2+ to make soap
Infection, whether it's bacterial or other
What is the likely cause for
each form of necrosis? The cell is like imma die and imma warn the body so it
can come and clean up this infection so let's blow tf up
and call the neutrophils and other WBCs over
What is the general cellular Extrinsic or intrinsic
mechanism leading to
apoptosis?
Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis Activation of cell death receptors, a WBC tells it to die
Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis Injury to mitochondria, cell dies bc of a defect in itself
Apoptosis - cell shrinkage
What is the cellular size of
a cell going through
/ 3/32
, 9/19/25, 12:01 PM Vet Surgery Exam 1
apoptosis and necrosis? Necrosis- swelling
What happens to the Apoptosis -
plasma membrane in a cell disrupted
undergoing apoptosis and Necrosis -
necrosis? intact
What are the morphological Karyolysis,
changes of the nucleus pyknosis,
during cell death? karyorrhexis
Karyolysis nuclear fading
Pyknosis nuclear
shrinkage
Karyorrhexis fragmentation
of nucleus
/ 4/32
