Chapter 1 Test A
o o o
MULTIPLEoCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:oTheofollowingoselectionsorelateotoodistinguishingoargumentsofromononarguments
andoidentifyingoconclusions.oSelectotheobestoansweroforoeach.
1.o Thereoappearsotoobeoaogrowingohappinessogapobetweenomenoandowomen.oWomenotodayoareoworking
moreoandorelaxingoless,owhileomenoareoworkingolessoandorelaxingomore.oFortyoyearsoagooaotypical
womanospento40ominutesomoreoperoweekothanotheotypicalomanoperformingoanoactivityoconsidered
unpleasant.oToday,owithomenoworkingoless,otheogapoiso90ominutesoandogrowing.
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTodayo...otheogapoiso90ominutesoandogrowing.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oFortyoyearsoagoo...oanoactivityoconsideredounpleasant.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oThereoappearsotoobeo...obetweenomenoandowomen.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oWomenotodayoareoworkingomoreoandorelaxingoless.
ANS:o D PTS:o 2
2.o Leadoisotoxic,obutodooyouoknowowhy?oLeadoisotoxicomainlyobecauseoitopreferentiallyoreplacesoother
metalsoinobiochemicaloreactions.oInosoodoingoitointerferesowithotheoproteinsothatoregulateobloodopressure
(whichocanocauseodevelopmentodelaysoinochildrenoandohighobloodopressureoinoadults),ohemeoproduction
(whichocanoleadotooanemia),oandospermoproduction.oLeadoalsoodisplacesocalciumoinotheoreactionsothat
transmitoelectricaloimpulsesoinotheobrain,owhichodiminishesotheoabilityotoothinkoandorecalloinformation.
AnneoMarieoHelmstine,o"YouroGuideotooChemistry"
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oItointerferesowithotheoproteinso...oandospermoproduction.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oLeadoisotoxic.
c.o Nonargument.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oItopreferentiallyoreplacesootherometalsoinobiochemicaloreactions.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oLeadoalsoodisplacesocalciumo...orecalloinformation.
ANS:o C PTS:o 2
3.o Aristotleofocusedoonoclarifyingotheoconceptoofovirtueoitself.oHeoarguedothatoitowasovirtuousotoochooseothe
properoamountoofoemotionoand/oroactionocalledoforoinoaoparticularosituationoandothatoextremesoof
emotionoandoactionowereovices.oInoallocommunitiesothereoareosomeomenoofopracticalowisdomowhoohave
theocapacityotoojudgeowisely.oAristotleoarguedothatotheyohaveotheocapacityotoofollowotheo"rightorule"
whateverotheosituation.
DavidoCooper,oValueoPluralismoandoEthicaloChoice
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oInoallocommunitieso...ocapacityotoojudgeowisely.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oAristotleofocusedoonoclarifyingotheoconceptoofovirtueoitself.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyohaveotheocapacityotoofollowo...otheosituation.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oHeoarguedothatoitowasovirtuouso...owereovices
e.o Nonargument.
ANS:o E PTS:o 2
4.o Illegaloimmigrantsopayolocalosalesotaxes,oandomanyoofothemoalsoopayostate,olocal,oandofederaloincomeotax
andoSocialoSecurityotax.oTheyoalsoopurchaseoitemsofromolocalomerchants,oincreasingotheoamountothese
merchantsopayoinotaxes.oInoaddition,otheyoworkoforolowosalaries,owhichoincreasesotheoearningsoofotheir
employersoandotheoamountoofotaxesotheseoemployersopay.oThus,oitoisonotocorrectotoosayothatoillegal
immigrantsocontributeonothingotootheocommunitiesoinowhichotheyolive.
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oItoisonotocorrectotoosayo...ocommunitiesoinowhichotheyolive.
1
,o
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyoworkoforolowosalarieso...otheseoemployersopay.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oIllegaloimmigrantsopayo...oSocialoSecurityotax.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyoalsoopurchaseoitemso...opayoinotaxes.
e.o Nonargument.
ANS:o A PTS:o 2
5.o Numerousostudiesohaveoindicatedothatowomenoofocolor,oblackowomenoinoparticular,oareoover-arrested,
over-indicted,oandoover-sentenced.oAfrican-Americanowomenoareosevenotimesomoreolikelyotoobe
arrestedoforoprostitutionothanowomenoofootheroethnicogroups.oBlackowomenohaveoreceivedosignificantly
longerosentencesoforocrimesoagainstopropertyoandoservedolongeroperiodsoinoprison.oForobothomurderoand
drugooffenses,oEuroamericanowomenoendedouposervingoone-thirdolessotimeoforotheosameooffensesothan
blackowomen.
NancyoKurshan,o"WomenoandoImprisonmentoinotheoU.S."
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oAfrican-Americanowomeno...ootheroethnicogroups.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oForobothomurderoandodrugooffenseso...oblackowomen.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oNumerousostudiesohaveoindicatedo...oover-sentenced.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oBlackowomenohaveoreceivedo...olongeroperiodsoinoprison.
ANS:o B PTS:o 2
6.o It'soevenomoreoimportantotheseodaysothatoyourocomputerobeoprotectedobyoaofirewall.oThereoareocriminal
elementsolurkingoinotheoshadowsoofocyberspaceowhoosendooutoprobesotoodetectounprotectedoPCs.oOnceoa
vulnerableocomputeroisofound,otheseocriminalsoinstallosoftwareothatoassistsothemoinocommittingoidentity
theftoandofencingostolenoIDs.oTheyoalsoodefraudoonlineoadvertisersobyousingotheseozombieocomputersoto
visitopay-per-clickoads.
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oThereoareocriminaloelementso...otoodetectounprotectedoPCs.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oOnceoaovulnerableocomputero...ofencingostolenoIDs.
c.o Nonargument.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyoalsoodefraudo...otoovisitopay-per-clickoads.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oIt'soevenomoreoimportanto...oprotectedobyoaofirewall.
ANS:o E PTS:o 2
7.o Theoearthoisoofointerestotooastronomyoforomanyoreasons.oNearlyoalloobservationsomustobeomadeothrough
theoatmosphere,oandotheophenomenaoofotheoupperoatmosphereoandotheomagnetosphereoreflectotheostateoof
interplanetaryospace.oTheoearthoisoalsootheomostoimportantoobjectoofocomparisonoforoplanetologists.
HannuoKarttunen,oetoal.,oFundamentaloAstronomy
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheophenomenao...ostateoofointerplanetaryospace.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheoearthoisoalsoo...oforoplanetologists.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheoearthoisoofointerestotooastronomy.
d.o Nonargument.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oNearlyoalloobservationso...othroughotheoatmosphere.
ANS:o C PTS:o 2
8.o Ifotheotradeoinotigeroproductsoisobanned,otigeroreservesoareoguardedobyowelloequippedostaff,ocommunities
abuttingotigerohabitatoareogivenoaostakeoinoprotectingotigers,oandotheomakersoofotraditionalomedicinesocan
beopersuadedothatotigeropartsoareonotoneeded,othenotigeropoachingowillobeohalted,ohabitatoandolife
sustainingopreyowillobeorestored,oandotheoimmanentoextinctionoofotigersoinotheowildowillobeoaverted.
a.o Nonargument.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheotradeoinotigeroproductsoisobanned.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oTigeropoachingowillobeohalted.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheomakersoofotraditionalomedicineso...onotoneeded.
2
,o
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oTigeropoachingowillobeohaltedo...owillobeoaverted.
ANS:o Ao PTS:o 2
9.o Humansoareobiologicaloorganisms.oToounderstandoourobehavioroandomentaloprocesses,oweoneedoto
understandotheirobiologicalounderpinnings,ostartingowithotheocellularolevel,otheoneuron.oHowoweofeel,
learn,oremember,oandothinkoallostemofromoneuronaloactivity.oSo,ohowoaoneuronoworksoandohowoneurons
communicateoareocrucialopiecesoofoinformationoinosolvingotheopuzzleoofohumanobehavioroandomental
processing.
RichardoGriggs,oPsychology:oAoConciseoIntroduction
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oToounderstandoourobehavioro...otheoneuron.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oHumansoareobiologicaloorganisms.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oHowoweofeelo...oneuronaloactivity.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oHowoaoneuronoworkso...omentaloprocessing.
e.o Nonargument.
ANS:o D PTS:o 2
10.o Virusesoareoacellularoentitiesotooosmallotoobeoseenowithoaolightomicroscope.oTheyoareocomposedoofoa
nucleicoacidoandoaofewoproteins.oVirusesoreplicateothemselvesoandodisplayootheropropertiesoofoliving
organismsoonlyowhenotheyohaveoinvadedolivingocells.oIndeed,osomeovirusesocanobeocrystallizedoand
storedoinoaocontaineroonoaoshelfoforoyears,obutotheyoretainotheocapacityotooinvadeocellsoandocauseodisease.
JacquelynoC.oBlack,oMicrobiology:oPrinciplesoandoExplorations
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyoareocomposedoofoaonucleicoacidoandoaofewoproteins.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oVirusesoareoacellularoentitieso...omicroscope.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oIndeed,osomeovirusesocanobeocrystallizedo...ocauseodisease.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oVirusesoreplicateothemselveso...oinvadedolivingocells.
ANS:o B PTS:o 2
11.o Harnessingotheoclean,oabundantoenergyoofotheosunoandowindoisocriticalotoosolvingotheoglobalowarming
problem.oTechnologicaloadvancesohaveobroughtotheocostoofoelectricityogeneratedobyotheowindodownoby
82opercentosinceo1981.oSolaroenergyotechnologyohasomadeoremarkableoprogressoasonewophotovoltaic
cellsohaveobeenodevelopedotooconvertoevenogreateroamountsoofosunlightodirectlyointooelectricity.oToday
theocostsoofowindoandosolaropoweroareobecomingocompetitiveowithodirtyocoal-firedoplants.
SierraoClub,o"GlobaloWarmingoSolutions"
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTodayotheocostsoofowindo...odirtyocoal-firedoplants.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTechnologicaloadvanceso...obyo82opercentosinceo1981.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oHarnessingotheocleano...otheoglobalowarmingoproblem.
d.o Nonargument.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oSolaroenergyotechnologyo...odirectlyointooelectricity.
ANS:o D PTS:o 2
12.o Itoisolikelyothatoinnocentoprisonersoinothisocountryohaveobeenoexecutedoforocrimesotheyodidonotocommit.
Fromo1973ountilo2007,o124odeathorowoinmatesohaveobeenoexonerated.oInomanyoofotheseocasesoDNA
evidenceoplayedoaocrucialorole.oYet,oinothatosameotimeoframe,omoreothano1000oprisonersowereoexecuted.
ForomanyoofotheseoprisonersonooDNAoevidenceowasoavailable.oIfosuchoevidenceohadobeenoavailable,ohow
mayomoreowouldohaveobeenoexonerated?
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oInomanyoofotheseocaseso...oplayedoaocrucialorole.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oFromo1973o...ohaveobeenoexonerated.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oForomanyoofotheseoprisonerso...owasoavailable.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oItoisolikelyothatoinnocentoprisonerso...otheyodidonotocommit.
3
,o
ANS:o E PTS:o 2
13.o Someoover-the-counteromedicinesoshouldonotobeogivenotooveryoyoungochildren.oForoexample,ocold
medicinesocontainodecongestantsoandoantihistamines.oTheseosubstancesoraiseobloodopressureoandoheart
rate.oIfoanooverdoseoshouldooccuroinoaoyoungochild,otheoresultocanobeofatal.
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oSomeoover-the-counteromedicineso...overyoyoungochildren.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheseosubstancesoraiseobloodopressureoandoheartorate.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oIfoanooverdoseo...otheoresultocanobeofatal.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oColdomedicinesocontainodecongestantsoandoantihistamines.
e.o Nonargument.
ANS:o A PTS:o 2
14.o Theoworld-wideodisappearanceoofofrogsomayobeotheoresultoofoagriculturalorunoff.oScientistsohaveoshown
thatorunofforichoinofertilizerocausesoaopronouncedoincreaseoinotheoalgaeoofolakesoandoponds.oSnailsothen
gorgeothemselvesoonotheoalgae,ocausingoparasitesolivingoinsideothemotooproduceohugeoquantitiesoofoeggs.
Whenotheoeggsohatch,otheoparasitesoinfectoyoungofrogs,ocausingosevereodeformationoofotheirolimbs.
a.o Nonargument.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oSnailsothenogorgeothemselveso...ohugeoquantitiesoofoeggs.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheoworld-wideodisappearanceo...oagriculturalorunoff.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oWhenotheoeggsohatcho...osevereodeformationoofotheirolimbs.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oScientistsohaveoshowno...oinotheoalgaeoofolakesoandoponds.
ANS:o C PTS:o 2
15.o LittleoisoknownoofotheoGreekophysicianoHippocrates,owhoolivedoaroundo400oB.C.oNevertheless,othe
writingsoattributedotoohimohaveoprovidedoaonumberoofoprinciplesounderlyingomodernomedicalopractice.
Oneoofohisomostofamousocontributions,otheoHippocraticoOath,oisotheofoundationoofocontemporary
medicaloethics.oItorequiresotheophysicianotooswearothatoheoorosheowillohelpotheosick,orefrainofrom
intentionalowrongdoing,oandokeepoconfidentialoallomattersopertainingotootheodoctor-patientorelationship.
WilliamoC.oCockerham,oMedicaloSociology
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheowritingsoattributedotoohimo...omedicalopractice.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oItorequiresotheophysiciano...odoctor-patientorelationship.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oOneoofohisomostofamousocontributionso...omedicaloethics.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oLittleoisoknowno...owhoolivedoaroundo400oB.C.
ANS:o B PTS:o 2
16.o Twoomillionochildrenohaveobeenokilledoinoarmedoconflictsoinotheolastodecade.oThreeotimesoasomanyohave
beenoinjuredooropermanentlyodisabled.oMillionsoofoothersohaveobeenoforcedotootakeopartoinoorowitness
horrifyingoactsoofoviolence.oInocountlessocasesotheoimpactoofoarmedoconflictoonochildren'solivesoremains
invisible.oTheochildrenothemselvesomayobeoremovedofromotheopublic,oinoinstitutions,oorosurviveoas
victimsoofoprostitution.oButothoseowhoohaveolostoparentsooftenoexperienceohumiliation,orejectionoand
discrimination,oandosufferoinosilenceoasotheiroself-esteemocrumbles.
ChildoRightsoInformationoNetwork
a.o Nonargument.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTwoomillionochildreno...oinotheolastodecade.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oButothoseowhoohaveolostoparentso...oself-esteemocrumbles.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oInocountlessocaseso...oremainsoinvisible.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oThreeotimesoasomanyo...opermanentlyodisabled.
ANS:o A PTS:o 2
4
o o o
MULTIPLEoCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:oTheofollowingoselectionsorelateotoodistinguishingoargumentsofromononarguments
andoidentifyingoconclusions.oSelectotheobestoansweroforoeach.
1.o Thereoappearsotoobeoaogrowingohappinessogapobetweenomenoandowomen.oWomenotodayoareoworking
moreoandorelaxingoless,owhileomenoareoworkingolessoandorelaxingomore.oFortyoyearsoagooaotypical
womanospento40ominutesomoreoperoweekothanotheotypicalomanoperformingoanoactivityoconsidered
unpleasant.oToday,owithomenoworkingoless,otheogapoiso90ominutesoandogrowing.
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTodayo...otheogapoiso90ominutesoandogrowing.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oFortyoyearsoagoo...oanoactivityoconsideredounpleasant.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oThereoappearsotoobeo...obetweenomenoandowomen.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oWomenotodayoareoworkingomoreoandorelaxingoless.
ANS:o D PTS:o 2
2.o Leadoisotoxic,obutodooyouoknowowhy?oLeadoisotoxicomainlyobecauseoitopreferentiallyoreplacesoother
metalsoinobiochemicaloreactions.oInosoodoingoitointerferesowithotheoproteinsothatoregulateobloodopressure
(whichocanocauseodevelopmentodelaysoinochildrenoandohighobloodopressureoinoadults),ohemeoproduction
(whichocanoleadotooanemia),oandospermoproduction.oLeadoalsoodisplacesocalciumoinotheoreactionsothat
transmitoelectricaloimpulsesoinotheobrain,owhichodiminishesotheoabilityotoothinkoandorecalloinformation.
AnneoMarieoHelmstine,o"YouroGuideotooChemistry"
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oItointerferesowithotheoproteinso...oandospermoproduction.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oLeadoisotoxic.
c.o Nonargument.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oItopreferentiallyoreplacesootherometalsoinobiochemicaloreactions.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oLeadoalsoodisplacesocalciumo...orecalloinformation.
ANS:o C PTS:o 2
3.o Aristotleofocusedoonoclarifyingotheoconceptoofovirtueoitself.oHeoarguedothatoitowasovirtuousotoochooseothe
properoamountoofoemotionoand/oroactionocalledoforoinoaoparticularosituationoandothatoextremesoof
emotionoandoactionowereovices.oInoallocommunitiesothereoareosomeomenoofopracticalowisdomowhoohave
theocapacityotoojudgeowisely.oAristotleoarguedothatotheyohaveotheocapacityotoofollowotheo"rightorule"
whateverotheosituation.
DavidoCooper,oValueoPluralismoandoEthicaloChoice
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oInoallocommunitieso...ocapacityotoojudgeowisely.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oAristotleofocusedoonoclarifyingotheoconceptoofovirtueoitself.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyohaveotheocapacityotoofollowo...otheosituation.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oHeoarguedothatoitowasovirtuouso...owereovices
e.o Nonargument.
ANS:o E PTS:o 2
4.o Illegaloimmigrantsopayolocalosalesotaxes,oandomanyoofothemoalsoopayostate,olocal,oandofederaloincomeotax
andoSocialoSecurityotax.oTheyoalsoopurchaseoitemsofromolocalomerchants,oincreasingotheoamountothese
merchantsopayoinotaxes.oInoaddition,otheyoworkoforolowosalaries,owhichoincreasesotheoearningsoofotheir
employersoandotheoamountoofotaxesotheseoemployersopay.oThus,oitoisonotocorrectotoosayothatoillegal
immigrantsocontributeonothingotootheocommunitiesoinowhichotheyolive.
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oItoisonotocorrectotoosayo...ocommunitiesoinowhichotheyolive.
1
,o
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyoworkoforolowosalarieso...otheseoemployersopay.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oIllegaloimmigrantsopayo...oSocialoSecurityotax.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyoalsoopurchaseoitemso...opayoinotaxes.
e.o Nonargument.
ANS:o A PTS:o 2
5.o Numerousostudiesohaveoindicatedothatowomenoofocolor,oblackowomenoinoparticular,oareoover-arrested,
over-indicted,oandoover-sentenced.oAfrican-Americanowomenoareosevenotimesomoreolikelyotoobe
arrestedoforoprostitutionothanowomenoofootheroethnicogroups.oBlackowomenohaveoreceivedosignificantly
longerosentencesoforocrimesoagainstopropertyoandoservedolongeroperiodsoinoprison.oForobothomurderoand
drugooffenses,oEuroamericanowomenoendedouposervingoone-thirdolessotimeoforotheosameooffensesothan
blackowomen.
NancyoKurshan,o"WomenoandoImprisonmentoinotheoU.S."
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oAfrican-Americanowomeno...ootheroethnicogroups.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oForobothomurderoandodrugooffenseso...oblackowomen.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oNumerousostudiesohaveoindicatedo...oover-sentenced.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oBlackowomenohaveoreceivedo...olongeroperiodsoinoprison.
ANS:o B PTS:o 2
6.o It'soevenomoreoimportantotheseodaysothatoyourocomputerobeoprotectedobyoaofirewall.oThereoareocriminal
elementsolurkingoinotheoshadowsoofocyberspaceowhoosendooutoprobesotoodetectounprotectedoPCs.oOnceoa
vulnerableocomputeroisofound,otheseocriminalsoinstallosoftwareothatoassistsothemoinocommittingoidentity
theftoandofencingostolenoIDs.oTheyoalsoodefraudoonlineoadvertisersobyousingotheseozombieocomputersoto
visitopay-per-clickoads.
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oThereoareocriminaloelementso...otoodetectounprotectedoPCs.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oOnceoaovulnerableocomputero...ofencingostolenoIDs.
c.o Nonargument.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyoalsoodefraudo...otoovisitopay-per-clickoads.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oIt'soevenomoreoimportanto...oprotectedobyoaofirewall.
ANS:o E PTS:o 2
7.o Theoearthoisoofointerestotooastronomyoforomanyoreasons.oNearlyoalloobservationsomustobeomadeothrough
theoatmosphere,oandotheophenomenaoofotheoupperoatmosphereoandotheomagnetosphereoreflectotheostateoof
interplanetaryospace.oTheoearthoisoalsootheomostoimportantoobjectoofocomparisonoforoplanetologists.
HannuoKarttunen,oetoal.,oFundamentaloAstronomy
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheophenomenao...ostateoofointerplanetaryospace.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheoearthoisoalsoo...oforoplanetologists.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheoearthoisoofointerestotooastronomy.
d.o Nonargument.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oNearlyoalloobservationso...othroughotheoatmosphere.
ANS:o C PTS:o 2
8.o Ifotheotradeoinotigeroproductsoisobanned,otigeroreservesoareoguardedobyowelloequippedostaff,ocommunities
abuttingotigerohabitatoareogivenoaostakeoinoprotectingotigers,oandotheomakersoofotraditionalomedicinesocan
beopersuadedothatotigeropartsoareonotoneeded,othenotigeropoachingowillobeohalted,ohabitatoandolife
sustainingopreyowillobeorestored,oandotheoimmanentoextinctionoofotigersoinotheowildowillobeoaverted.
a.o Nonargument.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheotradeoinotigeroproductsoisobanned.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oTigeropoachingowillobeohalted.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheomakersoofotraditionalomedicineso...onotoneeded.
2
,o
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oTigeropoachingowillobeohaltedo...owillobeoaverted.
ANS:o Ao PTS:o 2
9.o Humansoareobiologicaloorganisms.oToounderstandoourobehavioroandomentaloprocesses,oweoneedoto
understandotheirobiologicalounderpinnings,ostartingowithotheocellularolevel,otheoneuron.oHowoweofeel,
learn,oremember,oandothinkoallostemofromoneuronaloactivity.oSo,ohowoaoneuronoworksoandohowoneurons
communicateoareocrucialopiecesoofoinformationoinosolvingotheopuzzleoofohumanobehavioroandomental
processing.
RichardoGriggs,oPsychology:oAoConciseoIntroduction
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oToounderstandoourobehavioro...otheoneuron.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oHumansoareobiologicaloorganisms.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oHowoweofeelo...oneuronaloactivity.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oHowoaoneuronoworkso...omentaloprocessing.
e.o Nonargument.
ANS:o D PTS:o 2
10.o Virusesoareoacellularoentitiesotooosmallotoobeoseenowithoaolightomicroscope.oTheyoareocomposedoofoa
nucleicoacidoandoaofewoproteins.oVirusesoreplicateothemselvesoandodisplayootheropropertiesoofoliving
organismsoonlyowhenotheyohaveoinvadedolivingocells.oIndeed,osomeovirusesocanobeocrystallizedoand
storedoinoaocontaineroonoaoshelfoforoyears,obutotheyoretainotheocapacityotooinvadeocellsoandocauseodisease.
JacquelynoC.oBlack,oMicrobiology:oPrinciplesoandoExplorations
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheyoareocomposedoofoaonucleicoacidoandoaofewoproteins.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oVirusesoareoacellularoentitieso...omicroscope.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oIndeed,osomeovirusesocanobeocrystallizedo...ocauseodisease.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oVirusesoreplicateothemselveso...oinvadedolivingocells.
ANS:o B PTS:o 2
11.o Harnessingotheoclean,oabundantoenergyoofotheosunoandowindoisocriticalotoosolvingotheoglobalowarming
problem.oTechnologicaloadvancesohaveobroughtotheocostoofoelectricityogeneratedobyotheowindodownoby
82opercentosinceo1981.oSolaroenergyotechnologyohasomadeoremarkableoprogressoasonewophotovoltaic
cellsohaveobeenodevelopedotooconvertoevenogreateroamountsoofosunlightodirectlyointooelectricity.oToday
theocostsoofowindoandosolaropoweroareobecomingocompetitiveowithodirtyocoal-firedoplants.
SierraoClub,o"GlobaloWarmingoSolutions"
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTodayotheocostsoofowindo...odirtyocoal-firedoplants.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTechnologicaloadvanceso...obyo82opercentosinceo1981.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oHarnessingotheocleano...otheoglobalowarmingoproblem.
d.o Nonargument.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oSolaroenergyotechnologyo...odirectlyointooelectricity.
ANS:o D PTS:o 2
12.o Itoisolikelyothatoinnocentoprisonersoinothisocountryohaveobeenoexecutedoforocrimesotheyodidonotocommit.
Fromo1973ountilo2007,o124odeathorowoinmatesohaveobeenoexonerated.oInomanyoofotheseocasesoDNA
evidenceoplayedoaocrucialorole.oYet,oinothatosameotimeoframe,omoreothano1000oprisonersowereoexecuted.
ForomanyoofotheseoprisonersonooDNAoevidenceowasoavailable.oIfosuchoevidenceohadobeenoavailable,ohow
mayomoreowouldohaveobeenoexonerated?
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oInomanyoofotheseocaseso...oplayedoaocrucialorole.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oFromo1973o...ohaveobeenoexonerated.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oForomanyoofotheseoprisonerso...owasoavailable.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oItoisolikelyothatoinnocentoprisonerso...otheyodidonotocommit.
3
,o
ANS:o E PTS:o 2
13.o Someoover-the-counteromedicinesoshouldonotobeogivenotooveryoyoungochildren.oForoexample,ocold
medicinesocontainodecongestantsoandoantihistamines.oTheseosubstancesoraiseobloodopressureoandoheart
rate.oIfoanooverdoseoshouldooccuroinoaoyoungochild,otheoresultocanobeofatal.
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oSomeoover-the-counteromedicineso...overyoyoungochildren.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheseosubstancesoraiseobloodopressureoandoheartorate.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oIfoanooverdoseo...otheoresultocanobeofatal.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oColdomedicinesocontainodecongestantsoandoantihistamines.
e.o Nonargument.
ANS:o A PTS:o 2
14.o Theoworld-wideodisappearanceoofofrogsomayobeotheoresultoofoagriculturalorunoff.oScientistsohaveoshown
thatorunofforichoinofertilizerocausesoaopronouncedoincreaseoinotheoalgaeoofolakesoandoponds.oSnailsothen
gorgeothemselvesoonotheoalgae,ocausingoparasitesolivingoinsideothemotooproduceohugeoquantitiesoofoeggs.
Whenotheoeggsohatch,otheoparasitesoinfectoyoungofrogs,ocausingosevereodeformationoofotheirolimbs.
a.o Nonargument.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oSnailsothenogorgeothemselveso...ohugeoquantitiesoofoeggs.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheoworld-wideodisappearanceo...oagriculturalorunoff.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oWhenotheoeggsohatcho...osevereodeformationoofotheirolimbs.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oScientistsohaveoshowno...oinotheoalgaeoofolakesoandoponds.
ANS:o C PTS:o 2
15.o LittleoisoknownoofotheoGreekophysicianoHippocrates,owhoolivedoaroundo400oB.C.oNevertheless,othe
writingsoattributedotoohimohaveoprovidedoaonumberoofoprinciplesounderlyingomodernomedicalopractice.
Oneoofohisomostofamousocontributions,otheoHippocraticoOath,oisotheofoundationoofocontemporary
medicaloethics.oItorequiresotheophysicianotooswearothatoheoorosheowillohelpotheosick,orefrainofrom
intentionalowrongdoing,oandokeepoconfidentialoallomattersopertainingotootheodoctor-patientorelationship.
WilliamoC.oCockerham,oMedicaloSociology
a.o Argument;oconclusion:oTheowritingsoattributedotoohimo...omedicalopractice.
b.o Nonargument.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oItorequiresotheophysiciano...odoctor-patientorelationship.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oOneoofohisomostofamousocontributionso...omedicaloethics.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oLittleoisoknowno...owhoolivedoaroundo400oB.C.
ANS:o B PTS:o 2
16.o Twoomillionochildrenohaveobeenokilledoinoarmedoconflictsoinotheolastodecade.oThreeotimesoasomanyohave
beenoinjuredooropermanentlyodisabled.oMillionsoofoothersohaveobeenoforcedotootakeopartoinoorowitness
horrifyingoactsoofoviolence.oInocountlessocasesotheoimpactoofoarmedoconflictoonochildren'solivesoremains
invisible.oTheochildrenothemselvesomayobeoremovedofromotheopublic,oinoinstitutions,oorosurviveoas
victimsoofoprostitution.oButothoseowhoohaveolostoparentsooftenoexperienceohumiliation,orejectionoand
discrimination,oandosufferoinosilenceoasotheiroself-esteemocrumbles.
ChildoRightsoInformationoNetwork
a.o Nonargument.
b.o Argument;oconclusion:oTwoomillionochildreno...oinotheolastodecade.
c.o Argument;oconclusion:oButothoseowhoohaveolostoparentso...oself-esteemocrumbles.
d.o Argument;oconclusion:oInocountlessocaseso...oremainsoinvisible.
e.o Argument;oconclusion:oThreeotimesoasomanyo...opermanentlyodisabled.
ANS:o A PTS:o 2
4
