,Chapter 1 Test Ass ss ss
MULTIPLE CHOICE ss
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
ss nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
s working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty
s nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes
ss s s s s ss s s s s s s ss ss ss s s s s s s
and growing.
s s s s
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss less.ANS: D PTS: s s 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production.
s s s s s s ss s s nn ss s s ss s s s s s s s s
Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which
s s ss s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. ss ss ss ss
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss information.ANS: C PTS: s s 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
s theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
s emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical
s ss ss s s ss s s s s s s ss ss s s s s s s s s
wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to
s s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which
ss s s s s s s ss ss ss s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay.
s s ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
which they live.
ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
s s ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss s s ss ss ss
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
s significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For
s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the
ss ss ss nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
same offenses than black women.
ss ss ss ss ss
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss prison. ANS: B nn PTS: s s 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect
s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that
ss s s ss ss nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online
ss ss ss ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
advertisers by using these zombie computers tovisit pay-per-click ads.
s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss firewall.ANS: E PTS: s s 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss s s ss
through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
reflect the state ofinterplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
comparison for planetologists.
ss ss ss
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss atmosphere. ANS: nn C PTS: s s 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
s s nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of
s s s s s s s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss s s ss
tigers in the wild will be averted.
s s s s ss ss ss ss ss
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss averted.ANS: A PTS: s s 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works
ss s s ss s s ss ss s s ss ss s s s s ss ss ss s s
and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
behavior and mental processing.
s s ss ss ss
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
invade cells and cause disease.
s s ss s s ss ss
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss cells.ANS: B PTS: s s 2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
sunlight directly into electricity. Todaythe costs of wind and solar power are becoming
ss ss s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s
competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
ss s s s s ss ss
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss electricity.ANS: DPTS: s s 2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated.
s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
In many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame,
s s s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
3
MULTIPLE CHOICE ss
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
ss nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
s working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty
s nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes
ss s s s s ss s s s s s s ss ss ss s s s s s s
and growing.
s s s s
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss less.ANS: D PTS: s s 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production.
s s s s s s ss s s nn ss s s ss s s s s s s s s
Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which
s s ss s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. ss ss ss ss
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss information.ANS: C PTS: s s 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
s theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
s emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical
s ss ss s s ss s s s s s s ss ss s s s s s s s s
wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to
s s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which
ss s s s s s s ss ss ss s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay.
s s ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
which they live.
ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
s s ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss s s ss ss ss
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
s significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For
s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the
ss ss ss nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
same offenses than black women.
ss ss ss ss ss
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss prison. ANS: B nn PTS: s s 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect
s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that
ss s s ss ss nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online
ss ss ss ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
advertisers by using these zombie computers tovisit pay-per-click ads.
s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss firewall.ANS: E PTS: s s 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss s s ss
through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
reflect the state ofinterplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
comparison for planetologists.
ss ss ss
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss atmosphere. ANS: nn C PTS: s s 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
s s nn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of
s s s s s s s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss s s ss
tigers in the wild will be averted.
s s s s ss ss ss ss ss
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss averted.ANS: A PTS: s s 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works
ss s s ss s s ss ss s s ss ss s s s s ss ss ss s s
and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
behavior and mental processing.
s s ss ss ss
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
invade cells and cause disease.
s s ss s s ss ss
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss cells.ANS: B PTS: s s 2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
sunlight directly into electricity. Todaythe costs of wind and solar power are becoming
ss ss s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s
competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
ss s s s s ss ss
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss electricity.ANS: DPTS: s s 2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated.
s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
In many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame,
s s s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
3
