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Course Description: This course introduces the nursing student to the research process
and its critical role in developing evidence-based nursing practice. Students will learn to
critically appraise published research, understand ethical principles guiding research,
and identify clinical problems suitable for study.
Module 1: Foundations of Nursing Research & Evidence-Based Practice
1. What is the primary goal of nursing research?
ANSWER ✓ The primary goal of nursing research is to generate empirical knowledge
that can be used to improve patient outcomes, enhance the quality of nursing care, and
shape health policy. It aims to answer questions about nursing practice, education,
administration, and phenomena affecting health.
2. How does research differ from evidence-based practice (EBP)?
ANSWER ✓ Research is the systematic process of generating new knowledge. Evidence-
Based Practice (EBP) is the conscientious integration of best research
evidence with clinical expertise and patient values and preferences to make clinical
decisions. Research feeds into EBP.
3. Identify the seven steps of the EBP process.
ANSWER ✓
1. Cultivate a spirit of inquiry.
2. Ask a clinical question in PICO format.
3. Search for the best evidence.
, 4. Critically appraise the evidence.
5. Integrate the evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
6. Evaluate the outcomes of the practice change.
7. Disseminate the EBP results.
4. What does PICO(T) stand in formulating a clinical question?
ANSWER ✓
o P: Patient/Population/Problem
o I: Intervention/Indicator
o C: Comparison/Control
o O: Outcome
o (T): Time/Type (optional)
5. What is a "spirit of inquiry" in EBP?
ANSWER ✓ A spirit of inquiry is an attitude of questioning and curiosity about current
practices. It involves consistently asking, "Why are we doing it this way?" and "Is there a
better way based on evidence?"
Module 2: Ethical Principles in Research
6. What are the three core ethical principles from the Belmont Report?
ANSWER ✓
1. Respect for Persons: Protecting patient autonomy and requiring informed consent.
2. Beneficence: The obligation to minimize harm and maximize benefits.
3. Justice: Ensuring fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of research.
7. What are the key elements of informed consent?
ANSWER ✓ Key elements include a description of the study's purpose and procedures,
an explanation of risks and benefits, assurance of confidentiality, a statement of
voluntary participation and the right to withdraw without penalty, and alternative
treatments if applicable.
8. What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
ANSWER ✓ The IRB is a committee that reviews research proposals to ensure the ethical
conduct of research and the protection of the rights and welfare of human subjects.
9. What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality?