BIOL 311 - Test 4 -Binghamton
University Examination with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions.
Microtubules - Answer Involved in mitosis and in non-dividing cell often radiate out from a
MTOC (microtubule organizing center)
How much of proteins do actin filaments make up - Answer 10% in muscle cells, 1-5% in
normal cells, most abundant protein in muscle cells
Molecular weight of actin filaments - Answer 42000 - G-actin (globular)
How many actin genes are there - Answer 6 in humans that each encode an isoform
Alpha actin - Answer Associated with contractile structures
Beta actin - Answer Front or leading edge of moving cells
Gamma actin - Answer Accounts for filaments in stress fibers
How can F-actin polarity be monitored (3) - Answer 1.) Viscometry
2.) Sedimentation
3.) Fluorescence
What regulates actin polymerization in vivo - Answer Actin-binding proteins
Proteins to sever actin filaments and where did discovery come from - Answer Gelsolin and
cofilin, discovery from amoeba during movement (cytosol moves from center to edge)
Intermediate filaments - Answer Toughest of all 3, "rope", different types can be encoded by
,3.) Desmin, GFAP, Vimentin
4.) Neurofilaments (NFL, NFM, NFH)
5.) Lamins
Lamins - Answer Most ubiquitous group, found underneath nuclear envelope, has types A, B,
and C and play integral role in cell division
Keratins - Answer Expressed in epithelial cells, most diverse, often specific to cell type and
cells can be differentiated
Hair "perms" - Answer hydrolyze disulfide bonds between hair keratins
Neurofilaments - Answer Major part of axon along with microtubules, can be used to subtype
neurons
Epidermolysis Bulosa - Answer Disease of intermediate filaments, blistering of skin, hereditary
and was the reason behind Ortec International
USMRICD/Persian Gulf War with EB - Answer Used model to mimic mustard gasses effects on
the skin and used EpiDerm to develop topical skin protectants
Intermediate Filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) - Answer in intermediate filaments and
attaches to other structures
Plakin - Answer Example of IFAP, attaches IF to other structures such as actin filaments and
microtubules
Microtubules size and contents - Answer Largest of the 3, consists of 13 protofilaments (in
humans) that contain alpha and beta tubulin dimers
MW of microtubules - Answer 55,000 in all eukaryotes several isoforms present
How many protofilaments do C. elegans have - Answer 11 or 15
, Assembly characteristics of microtubules - Answer Similar to F-actin with a nucleation phase
followed by elongation phase (from MTOC), doesnt happen in vivo (MAPs catalyze assembly in
Vivo)
Fish pigment cell microtubule experiment - Answer Pigment containing (melanosomes) use
microtubules as tracks in melanocytes, cAMP regulates process and colchicine can be used to
destabilize microtubules
Dynamic Instability model - Answer Describes microtubule growth and shrinkage
How to prove Microtubules are dynamic - Answer Cytotoxic T cell after target cell recognition
Cold Temperatures - Answer Microtubules are sensitive
Flagella Regeneration - Answer Needs microtubules
Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) - Answer part of microtubule system, co-purify with
microtubules
Kinesin-13 - Answer Binds to (+) end and makes protofilaments curve and increases
catastropjes
OP18/Stathmin - Answer Originally discovered as an oncoprotein, binds to protofilaments and
increases catastrophes
Katanin - Answer Severs from MTOCs, exposing the more labile end of the microtuble
Colchicine/Colcemid - Answer Synchronize cells at metaphase, depolymerizes microtubules
Gout - Answer treated with colchicine, destabilize WBC microtubules and cannot migrate to
inflammation
Taxol (paclitaxel) - Answer Extracted from bark of yew trees, taxotere (docetaxol) is synthetic,
approved for breast, ovary, prostate cancer
University Examination with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions.
Microtubules - Answer Involved in mitosis and in non-dividing cell often radiate out from a
MTOC (microtubule organizing center)
How much of proteins do actin filaments make up - Answer 10% in muscle cells, 1-5% in
normal cells, most abundant protein in muscle cells
Molecular weight of actin filaments - Answer 42000 - G-actin (globular)
How many actin genes are there - Answer 6 in humans that each encode an isoform
Alpha actin - Answer Associated with contractile structures
Beta actin - Answer Front or leading edge of moving cells
Gamma actin - Answer Accounts for filaments in stress fibers
How can F-actin polarity be monitored (3) - Answer 1.) Viscometry
2.) Sedimentation
3.) Fluorescence
What regulates actin polymerization in vivo - Answer Actin-binding proteins
Proteins to sever actin filaments and where did discovery come from - Answer Gelsolin and
cofilin, discovery from amoeba during movement (cytosol moves from center to edge)
Intermediate filaments - Answer Toughest of all 3, "rope", different types can be encoded by
,3.) Desmin, GFAP, Vimentin
4.) Neurofilaments (NFL, NFM, NFH)
5.) Lamins
Lamins - Answer Most ubiquitous group, found underneath nuclear envelope, has types A, B,
and C and play integral role in cell division
Keratins - Answer Expressed in epithelial cells, most diverse, often specific to cell type and
cells can be differentiated
Hair "perms" - Answer hydrolyze disulfide bonds between hair keratins
Neurofilaments - Answer Major part of axon along with microtubules, can be used to subtype
neurons
Epidermolysis Bulosa - Answer Disease of intermediate filaments, blistering of skin, hereditary
and was the reason behind Ortec International
USMRICD/Persian Gulf War with EB - Answer Used model to mimic mustard gasses effects on
the skin and used EpiDerm to develop topical skin protectants
Intermediate Filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) - Answer in intermediate filaments and
attaches to other structures
Plakin - Answer Example of IFAP, attaches IF to other structures such as actin filaments and
microtubules
Microtubules size and contents - Answer Largest of the 3, consists of 13 protofilaments (in
humans) that contain alpha and beta tubulin dimers
MW of microtubules - Answer 55,000 in all eukaryotes several isoforms present
How many protofilaments do C. elegans have - Answer 11 or 15
, Assembly characteristics of microtubules - Answer Similar to F-actin with a nucleation phase
followed by elongation phase (from MTOC), doesnt happen in vivo (MAPs catalyze assembly in
Vivo)
Fish pigment cell microtubule experiment - Answer Pigment containing (melanosomes) use
microtubules as tracks in melanocytes, cAMP regulates process and colchicine can be used to
destabilize microtubules
Dynamic Instability model - Answer Describes microtubule growth and shrinkage
How to prove Microtubules are dynamic - Answer Cytotoxic T cell after target cell recognition
Cold Temperatures - Answer Microtubules are sensitive
Flagella Regeneration - Answer Needs microtubules
Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) - Answer part of microtubule system, co-purify with
microtubules
Kinesin-13 - Answer Binds to (+) end and makes protofilaments curve and increases
catastropjes
OP18/Stathmin - Answer Originally discovered as an oncoprotein, binds to protofilaments and
increases catastrophes
Katanin - Answer Severs from MTOCs, exposing the more labile end of the microtuble
Colchicine/Colcemid - Answer Synchronize cells at metaphase, depolymerizes microtubules
Gout - Answer treated with colchicine, destabilize WBC microtubules and cannot migrate to
inflammation
Taxol (paclitaxel) - Answer Extracted from bark of yew trees, taxotere (docetaxol) is synthetic,
approved for breast, ovary, prostate cancer
